Review of the synthesis, transfer, characterization and growth mechanisms of single and multilayer graphene

Abstract

Graphene has emerged as the most popular topic in the active research field since graphene's discovery in 2004 by Andrei Geim and Kostya Novoselov.

Synthesis of NiMoSO/rGO Composites Based on NiMoO4 and Reduced Graphene with High‐Performance Electrochemical Electrodes

“…Since NiMoO 4 ⋅nH 2 O lose bound water molecules in the sonochemical process, compared with the pristine NiMoSO, the diffraction peaks of NiMoSO/rGO‐b shifts, which is confirmed in TGA characterization. Moreover, There is a sharp peak that appear at 10.1°, characteristic peak of GO, while in the XRD curve of the NiMoSO/rGO‐b composites, the characteristic peak of GO disappears, which implies that oxygen‐containing groups have been removed and GO has been reduced to rGO …”

Wafer-scale transfer-free process of multi-layered graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition

“…Over all the emerging and industrial applications where graphene is involved, it is crucial to have high quality graphene available on large area and suitably deposited on insulating substrate [5]. Out of the established methods for the graphene synthesis [6,7], chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has emerged as the dominant technique to combine high quality with large scale production as compared to the mechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and epitaxial growth on silicon carbide (SiC) [8][9][10][11][12]. So far, CVD has enabled the synthesis of the largest areas of graphene, although on flexible foils [13,14].…”

Nano‐Graphene as Groundbreaking Miracle Material: Catalytic and Commercial Perspectives

“…Nano‐graphene characterization can be performed by using number of advanced instrumental techniques,, including raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRFT‐IR), X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XRANES) analysis and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XRAFS) analysis, etc. Raman spectroscopy is a quick, facile and powerful analytical tool to investigate the structure, quality, quantity, and especially catalytic performance of graphene‐based nanomaterials.…”

“…These π‐bonds delocalized over all the carbon atoms and subsequently form the π‐band. The σ‐bonds are mainly responsible for excellent toughness of graphene lattice structure, while the π‐band contributes to the miraculous electrical conductivity of graphene ,,. Chemical functionalization and aromaticity of graphene is mainly governed by sp 2 ‐hybridized carbon atoms and valence π‐electrons.…”