Review of Poultry Production and Poultry Vaccine Manufacture in Nepal

Poudel, Uddab; Dahal, Umesh; Dhakal, Santosh

doi:10.35251/gjaas.2021.001

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Nepal is an agricultural country where the farming system is mostly subsistence-based, and crops and livestock farming are integrated. Livestock along with fisheries contribute around 12.5% of the total GDP, while the poultry sector alone contributes nearly 4% of total GDP [ 14 ]. The Nepal Commercial Poultry Survey, 2014–2015, showed that there are 7368 (35%) commercial poultry farms in Bagmati province and 2993 (14%) in Gandaki province [ 15 ], which are the areas of this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9 Outbreaks in Poultry Farms of Central Lowland Nepal

Subedi

Phuyal²,

Bhandari

et al. 2022

Infectious Disease Reports

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Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) of subtype H9 outbreaks have been frequently occurring in major commercial hubs of Nepal including Chitwan, a central lowland area, causing substantial economic losses to the farmers. However, the risk factors associated with these outbreaks have been poorly understood, and hence, this case-control study was conducted in Chitwan, Nawalpur, and Makawanpur districts of Nepal from October 2019 to March 2020. A total of 102 farms were selected in which 51 were case farms, and 51 were controls. Case farms were avian influenza (AI)-subtype-H9-confirmed farms through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on poultry samples. Control farms included farms that were AI-negative in the antigen test brought to the National Avian Disease Investigation Laboratory, Chitwan, for diagnosis during the study period. Each farm was visited to collect information using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 25 variables representing farm characteristics and biosecurity measures were considered as potential risk factors. The final multivariable model showed that distance of less than 0.5 km from the main road (OR = 4.04, 95% CI = 1.20–13.56, p = 0.023), distance of less than 1 km from a nearest infected farm (OR = 76.42, 95% CI = 7.17–814.06, p = 0.0003), and wild birds coming around the farm (OR = 6.12, 95% CI = 1.99–18.79, p = 0.0015) were risk factors for avian influenza type H9, whereas using apron or separate cloth inside the shed (OR = 0.109, 95% CI = 0.020–0.577, p = 0.0092) was shown to reduce the risk of farms being positive for AI subtype H9. These findings suggest that due consideration should be given to site selection while establishing the farms and the importance of implementing appropriate biosecurity measures, such as using separate cloth inside the shed and preventing the entry of wild birds inside the farm to reduce the potential risk of introduction of avian influenza type H9 to their poultry farms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9 Outbreaks in Poultry Farms of Central Lowland Nepal

Subedi

Phuyal²,

Bhandari

et al. 2022

Infectious Disease Reports

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“…As per the latest livestock statistics, the standing population of fowl is around 83 million which is over 200% greater compared to the population 10 years ago [2]. In Nepal, poultry industry has over a billion-dollar investment, provides employment to over 150,000 people, and contributes around 4% to the national gross domestic product (GDP) and 8% to the national agricultural GDP (AGDP) [3]. Poultry farming, including the backyard poultry, is an important aspect of income generation in rural areas while chicken meat and eggs serve as the major source of protein in Nepalese kitchen [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccination against ND is commonly practiced in the commercial farms while its use is limited in the backyard poultry of Nepal [10]. ND vaccination strategy is conventional and mostly utilizes the live-attenuated F, LaSota, I-2 or R2B strains administered through intraocular route, in drinking water, or in muscles [3,11]. First vaccination at 5-7 days is followed by periodic boosts in laying hens [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and Immunogenicity of ND Vaccines Used in Nepal

Marahatta,

Upadhyaya,

Shah

et al. 2023

Nep. Vet. J

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Viral infections, including Newcastle disease (ND), constitute a major health problem in the rapidly growing poultry industry of Nepal. Despite regular vaccination in the commercial farms, ND virus (NDV) outbreaks are frequently reported raising concern over the safety and immunogenicity of live-attenuated vaccines being used. This study was performed to compare the safety and immunogenicity of four commercially available ND vaccines in Nepal after administration at recommended (1X) and higher (10X) dose. There was no safety concern associated with the use of lentogenic live-attenuated ND vaccines even at higher dose. A varying degree of antibody response was observed at recommended and higher doses with the thermostable I-2 vaccine outperforming other groups. A higher dose did not improve antibody response except for the F1 vaccine. To prevent widespread outbreaks in future, regular molecular surveillance to identify the circulating strains of NDV together with the periodic evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of commercial vaccines is necessary in Nepal.

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“…About 27.1% of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is contributed by Agriculture and Forestry. 19 Livestock and dairy sector contribute 32% of agricultural GDP and 11% of national GDP. 20,21 Cattle and buffaloes are considered to be major livestock reared in Nepal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Staphylococcal Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Animals of Chitwan, Nepal

Tiwari¹,

Subedi²,

Bhandari³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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Subclinical mastitis (SCM), the asymptomatic inflammation of breast tissue, is the most common form of mastitis in livestock. SCM prevalence and risk factors in dairy animals in Western Chitwan, Bagmati Province, Nepal, were the primary objectives of this study. Out of 243 dairy animals, 104 representing 42.8% were positive for SCM in the California mastitis test (CMT) in the study area. At the quarter level, out of 972 active quarters tested for SCM, 188 (19.3%) were positive to CMT test. The prevalence of Staphylococcal SCM was 39.92% (97/243) and 18.21% (177/972) at animal level and quarter level, respectively. Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (46.33%) was the most prevalent Staphylococcus to cause SCM at quarter level. While at animal level, SCM due to occurrence of both S. aureus and CNS (36.08%) in an individual was more common. High susceptibility towards Amikacin, Ceftriaxone and Gentamicin was seen against both isolates. Low resistance against Amikacin and Ceftriaxone was seen against both isolates. Ciprofloxacin (41.2% vs 27.4%) and Gentamicin (37.8% vs 23.2%) were more resistance towards CNS whereas Enrofloxacin (41.1% vs 25.2%) and Tetracycline (36.8% vs 15.1%) were more resistant towards S. aureus. Older aged, multiparous and late lactating animals had the highest prevalence of staphylococcal SCM i.e., 58.1%, 56% and 52.6%, respectively. The study concludes that there is a high prevalence of Staphylococcal SCM in Western Chitwan, Nepal. CNS is the most common mastitis pathogen. Increased antimicrobial resistance to S. aureus and CNS could be the result of the indiscriminate use of antibiotic drugs without an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). This study emphasizes the importance of ongoing antibiotic surveillance, excellent farm and animal hygiene, and suitable housing and feeding management.

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Review of Poultry Production and Poultry Vaccine Manufacture in Nepal

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9 Outbreaks in Poultry Farms of Central Lowland Nepal

Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9 Outbreaks in Poultry Farms of Central Lowland Nepal

Safety and Immunogenicity of ND Vaccines Used in Nepal

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Staphylococcal Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Animals of Chitwan, Nepal

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