Review of literature on aging of dielectrics

Antiferroelectric-like properties and enhanced polarization of Cu-doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 piezoelectric ceramics

“…For normal ferroelectrics, the time-dependence of dielectric constant may follow a linear logarithmic law, which is due to the relaxation of domain structure towards an equilibrium configuration. 18 However, it has been found that dielectric aging of KNN10 does not follow a logarithmic law but a stretched exponential equation, 19 which is e 0 ¼ e 1 þ e 1 exp½Àðt=sÞ n ;…”

Quenching-induced circumvention of integrated aging effect of relaxor lead lanthanum zirconate titanate and (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3

“…7 One of the important phenomena related to this temperature regime is the aging of relaxor ferroelectrics, which refers to the degradation in dielectric permittivity with time. 8 Apart from the practical implications, 9 the aging behavior of relaxor ferroelectrics is of special interest because it has been known to be directly related to the physics of the freezing of PNRs at low temperatures. 10 Given this, Pan et al 11 proposed that a "hardening" of inhomogeneously distributed long-range ordered regions is responsible for the aging in PMN-PT, while Colla et al 12 considered spin-glass and thermal chaos effect as the origin of aging.…”

Ferroelectric aging effect in hybrid-doped BaTiO3 ceramics and the associated large recoverable electrostrain

“…[1][2][3][4] As aging affects the stability and reliability of ferroelectric materials, it is usually regarded as an unwanted effect. 5 However, aging effect is not always detrimental; recent studies show that the utilization of aging effect can lead to very large recoverable electrostrain in unpoled acceptor-doped BaTiO 3 single crystals 6 and polycrystals 7,8 ͑such unpoled ferroelectrics normally do not show piezoelectricity͒, which may provide a way for electromechanical energy conversion.…”

“…Strong aging effect is observed in acceptor-doped ferroelectrics-hysteresis loop becomes an interesting double ͑or constricted͒ loop after aging in ferroelectric state. [1][2][3][4][6][7][8] By contrast, such an effect does not exist in donor-doped ferroelectrics, and the hysteresis loop remains of a normal ͑rectangular͒ shape even after aging. 9 The aging effect in acceptor-doped ferroelectrics is generally considered to be due to the migration of oxygen vacancies ͑which is highly mobile͒ during aging, but the driving force for the migration has remained controversial for a long time.…”