Review of BRD pathogenesis: the old and the new

Mosier, Derek A.

doi:10.1017/s1466252314000176

Cited by 72 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Numerous commercial vaccines variably consisting of combinations of inactivated and modified live bacteria and viruses are widely used; however, the incidence of BRD has been increasing for the past several decades (USDA, 2011). The etiology of BRD involves interactions between the host, environment and pathogens (Mosier, 2014). Dogma posits that animal stress, often due to movement and animal management, predisposes cattle to a primary viral insult followed by secondary bacterial pneumonia due to commensal or exogenous pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An inactivated influenza D virus vaccine partially protects cattle from respiratory disease caused by homologous challenge

Hause

Huntimer

Falkenberg

et al. 2017

Veterinary Microbiology

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Originally isolated from swine, the proposed influenza D virus has since been shown to be common in cattle. Inoculation of IDV to naïve calves resulted in mild respiratory disease histologically characterized by tracheitis. As several studies have associated the presence of IDV with acute bovine respiratory disease (BRD), we sought to investigate the efficacy of an inactivated IDV vaccine. Vaccinated calves seroconverted with hemagglutination inhibition titers 137-169 following two doses. Non-vaccinated calves challenged with a homologous virus exhibited signs of mild respiratory disease from days four to ten post challenge which was significantly different than negative controls at days five and nine post challenge. Peak viral shedding of approximately 5 TCID/mL was measured in nasal and tracheal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids four to six days post challenge. Viral titers were significantly (P<0.05) decreased 1.4 TCID/mL, 3.6 TCID/mL and 5.0 TCID/mL, respectively, in the aforementioned samples collected from vaccinated animals compared to non-vaccinated controls at peak shedding. Viral antigen was detected in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal turbinates and trachea by immunohistochemistry from all unvaccinated calves but in significantly fewer vaccinates. Inflammation characterized by neutrophils was observed in the nasal turbinate and trachea but not appreciably in lungs. Together these results support an etiologic role for IDV in BRD and demonstrate that partial protection is afforded by an inactivated vaccine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An inactivated influenza D virus vaccine partially protects cattle from respiratory disease caused by homologous challenge

Hause

Huntimer

Falkenberg

et al. 2017

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Bovine respiratory disease is considered multifactorial, involving complex interactions between the animal, the pathogens and the environment, which poses significant challenges to its prevention and control (Murray et al, ). It is generally proposed that management practices such as shipping may compromise the immune system, and predispose the animals to viral and bacterial infections (Mosier, ). Viral infection can interfere with the immune system and damage the mucociliary escalator mechanism and lung parenchyma, which in turn facilitates translocation of bacteria and establishment of infection in the lower respiratory tract (Taylor, Fulton, Lehenbauer, Step, & Confer, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory viruses identified in western Canadian beef cattle by metagenomic sequencing and their association with bovine respiratory disease

Zhang

Hill

Fernando

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

116

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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes considerable economic losses in North America. The pathogenesis involves interactions between bacteria, viruses, environment and management factors. Primary viral infection can increase the risk of secondary fatal bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to use metagenomic sequencing to characterize the respiratory viromes of paired nasal swabs and tracheal washes from western Canadian feedlot cattle, with or without BRD. A total of 116 cattle (116 nasal swabs and 116 tracheal washes) were analysed. The presence of influenza D virus (IDV), bovine rhinitis A virus (BRAV), bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV), bovine coronavirus (BCV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was associated with BRD. Agreement between identification of viruses in nasal swabs and tracheal washes was generally weak, indicating that sampling location may affect detection of infection. This study reported several viruses for the first time in Canada and provides a basis for further studies investigating candidate viruses important to the prevention of BRD.

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“…Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of morbidity and mortality in the cattle industry (Edwards, ; McVey, ). Co‐infection with several viruses and bacteria, such as bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHeV1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine adenovirus 7 (BAdV7), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3), Mycoplasma bovis , Mannheimia haemolytica , Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni, causes the development of BRD in cattle (Hilton, ; Mosier, ). Despite the use of antibiotics and several commercial vaccines against these pathogens, BRD remains the most common and costly problem in the cattle industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis of bovine influenza D virus in Japan

Mekata

Yamamoto

Hamabe

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The influenza D virus, a new member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, is predominantly found in cattle. Although viral pathology and clinical disease in cattle appear mild, this virus plays an important role as a trigger of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). BRD is a costly illness worldwide. Thus, epidemiological surveys of the influenza D virus are necessary. Here, we conducted a molecular epidemiological survey for the influenza D virus in healthy and respiratory-diseased cattle in Japan. We found that 2.1% (8/377) of the cattle were infected with influenza D. The cattle with and without respiratory symptoms had approximately equal amounts of the virus. A full-genome sequence analysis revealed that the influenza D virus that was isolated in Japan formed an individual cluster that was distinct from the strains found in other countries. These results suggest that this virus might have evolved uniquely in Japan over a long period of time and that the viral pathology of Japanese strains might be different from the strains found in other countries. Continuous surveillance is required to determine the importance of this virus and to characterize its evolution.

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Review of BRD pathogenesis: the old and the new

Cited by 72 publications

References 25 publications

An inactivated influenza D virus vaccine partially protects cattle from respiratory disease caused by homologous challenge

An inactivated influenza D virus vaccine partially protects cattle from respiratory disease caused by homologous challenge

Respiratory viruses identified in western Canadian beef cattle by metagenomic sequencing and their association with bovine respiratory disease

Molecular epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis of bovine influenza D virus in Japan

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