Retrospective analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in serum samples – epidemiology and consumption patterns

Jaenicke, Nathalie J.; Pogoda, Werner; Paulke, Alexander; Wunder, Cora; Toennes, Stefan W.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.010

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In our study, making no toxicological analysis may have led to the failure to diagnose some SC users. The frequency of SC use is estimated to be 2.8% in Germany and 4% in France (13,14). This rate in our study may not reflect real value.…”

Section: Prevalence-frequencycontrasting

confidence: 65%

Socio-demographic and Clinical Features of Young Adult Males Using Synthetic Cannabinoid (English)

Öznur¹,

Öznur²,

Bolu³

et al. 2018

J Clin Psy

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SUMMARYObject: Synthetic Cannabinoid (SC) use is becoming more widespread throughout the world. Studies that revealed user profiles indicate that the drug is especially popular among young men. Knowledge on sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and motivation for SC users in our country is limited. On the other hand, in spite of the increase of information known about symptoms of acute intoxication of SC use, physical and psychiatric consequences and loss of function due to longterm use of SC is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with SC use and the negative consequences caused by the use of SC. Methods: 166 male patients who admitted to the psychiatric outpatient clinic due to SC use disorder between November 2014 to April 2015 were enrolled in the study. Demographic data of patients, substance use characteristics, familial substance use, reasons for substance use, medical history, the problems related to drug use was questioned. Results: The age of onset for SC use was found to be 17.25 ± 2.30. SC using duration was 3.79 ± 2.15 years. The most common agents accompanying SC use were smoking (95.8%) and cannabis (88.6%). It was determined that 62.7% developed suicidal ideas due to SC use. Among psychiatric side effects, most common were euphoria, hallucinations, skepticism and suicidal ideation. About 1/3 of cases were found to live loss of business and legal issues depending on long-term SC use. 76.5% of the patients' consumed SC through inhalation and 22.9 % orally. It was determined that oral users began SC use at an earlier age than users via inhalation. Discussion: Despite the physical, mental, occupational, social and legal problems caused by the use of SC, it has become an important public health problem, especially among young men. Effective intervention programs for the use of outbreaking SCs need to be developed.

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Section: Prevalence-frequencycontrasting

confidence: 65%

Socio-demographic and Clinical Features of Young Adult Males Using Synthetic Cannabinoid (English)

Öznur¹,

Öznur²,

Bolu³

et al. 2018

J Clin Psy

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“…Note that 1) among Nevada students in 2013 alone 17.3% used SCs but only 4.3% used SCs frequently; 2) among patients (around 400 recruited in 2013) with substance use disorder, the prevalence rose up to 38% . In Europe, only a few studies showed a prevalence that can be estimated at around 2–5%: 2.2% in Norway (SCs detected in 16 cases over a total of 726 blood samples collected from Norwegian drivers during 7 weeks in 2011–2012), 2.8% in Germany (422, analysis in cases of traffic and criminal offenses in 2010) . From most of these reports, typical SCs users are young males (M/F sex‐ratio of 3:1).…”

Section: Modalities Of Recreational Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…38 In Europe, only a few studies showed a prevalence that can be estimated at around 2-5%: 2.2% in Norway (SCs detected in 16 cases over a total of 726 blood samples collected from Norwegian drivers during 7 weeks in 2011-2012), 39 2.8% in Germany (422, analysis in cases of traffic and criminal offenses in 2010). 40 From most of these reports, typical SCs users are young males (M/F sex-ratio of 3:1).…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Focus on cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids

Boisselier

Alexandre

Lelong‐Boulouard

et al. 2016

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

128

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The recent emergence of a multitude of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has generated a wealth of new information, suggesting the usefulness of state-of-the-art on lato sensu cannabinoids. By modulating a plurality of neurotransmission pathways, the endocannabinoid system is involved in many physiological processes that are increasingly explored. SCs desired and adverse effects are considered to be more intense than those observed with cannabis smoking, which is partly explained by the full agonist activity and higher affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Neurological and cardiovascular side effects observed after cannabinoid poisoning generally respond to conventional supportive care, but severe outcomes may occur in a minority of cases, mainly observed with SCs. The likelihood of severe abuse and addiction produced by SCs are of concern for the scientific community also interested in the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoids.

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“…[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] However, the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids determined in Bavaria (2.1%) was similar to or slightly lower than those in Norway (2.2%) 18 and the German federal state Hesse (2.8%). 17 Comparatively higher prevalence rates for stimulant designer drugs (21-28%) and synthetic cannabinoids (15-19%) were found in Hungary. 20 Recently, Wille et al 21 In our study, designer stimulants were found in two cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…JWH-018, JWH-122, and JWH-250). 17,18 Later studies, in turn, detected recent synthetic cannabinoids such as AB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and AB-FUBINACA. 20,21 These fluctuations can be explained by the fast pace of the NPS market and the different geographic distribution of these substances which is often influenced by national (NPS) laws and their changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective analysis of new psychoactive substances in blood samples of German drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs

Fels¹,

Herzog²,

Skopp³

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a serious global problem and poses a public health risk. With new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the illicit drug market several years ago, a significant number of highly potent and harmful drugs have become easily available and the use of these substances may impair a person's ability to drive a vehicle safely. Since NPS are not usually covered in routine toxicological analyses used in DUID investigations, only little is known about their prevalence. To gather more information on the prevalence of NPS in cases of impaired driving, a retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of these drugs in blood samples of DUID suspects in southern Germany. A total of 837 blood samples, which were collected in the German federal states Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria in 2017 and 2018, were reanalyzed for designer stimulants and synthetic cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). For the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids, a more sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening method was additionally used. A total of 14 cases (1.6%) tested positive for NPS. Designer stimulants were detected in two cases (0.2%) and synthetic cannabinoids were found in 12 cases (1.4%). The rather low prevalence rate of 1.6% estimated in this study suggests that driving under the influence of NPS does not play a large role in southern Germany. Nonetheless, in all cases in which the psychophysical impairment cannot be explained by routine toxicological findings, a screening for NPS should additionally be performed.

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Retrospective analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in serum samples – epidemiology and consumption patterns

Cited by 27 publications

References 19 publications

Socio-demographic and Clinical Features of Young Adult Males Using Synthetic Cannabinoid (English)

Socio-demographic and Clinical Features of Young Adult Males Using Synthetic Cannabinoid (English)

Focus on cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids

Retrospective analysis of new psychoactive substances in blood samples of German drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs

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