RETRACTED: Thermal protection mechanism of heat pipe in leading edge under hypersonic conditions

Heats pipes for temperature homogenization: A literature review

“…Both materials have however similar thermal performance: the temperature gradient of 5 K/mm without heat pipe is reduced to 0.2 K/mm with heat pipe. Analytical and numerical calculations of Peng et al [65] confirm the worst mechanical performance of Inconel 625 with the same leading edge radius, for Mach numbers from 6 to 8, compared to results with niobium alloy C-103 and tantalum alloy T-111, although the reduction of the temperature gradient is similar. For a less sharp leading edge, of curvature radius of 15 mm, with a nickel alloy/sodium heat pipe, the numerical results of Liu and Liu [62] highlight a decrease of the tip temperature from 1365°C to 1076°C with an increase of the rear temperature from 699°C to 1007°C, corresponding to a decrease of the temperature gradient from 4.2 K/mm to 0.4 K/mm.…”

“…A modular architecture [60], called SMARTS (for "Satellite Modular and Reconfigurable Thermal System"), aims to design an efficient two-phase thermal control system for small satellites, within maximum 6 days, taking into account mechanical, electronical and software requirements. [65]), (b) between two adjacent panels with capillary tube network (from [70]), (c) between all the panels with super header pipe (from [74])…”

“…One noticeable inconsistency is the use of the aluminum/water pair, prohibited by the three literature references, but allowed by Queheillalt et al [72], if deionized water is used and if the aluminum is covered by an electrolytic nickel layer. Finally, in [65,69], lithium is used with Inconel 625, a specific nickel alloy. Even if the nickel is not compatible with lithium according to Faghri [4], the alloy of nickel especially containing niobium and molybdenum leads to a better coexistence.…”

“…Figure17 -Examples of configuration for global thermal system for satellites: (a) between two opposite panels with crossed heat pipes (from[65]), (b) between two adjacent panels with capillary tube network (from[70]), (c) between all the panels with super header pipe (from[74])…”

Heat removing under hypersonic conditions

“…As was shown in [7], in the case of hypersonic speeds, the heat distribution law Q w (σ) on the surface of the axially symmetric body will be determined by the following expression:…”