RETRACTED ARTICLE: The Effect of Lead Acetate Toxicity on Experimental Male Albino Rat

Abstract

Background: Estrogen hormone and receptors (ER) play an important role in maintaining vaginal health. Therefore, their disruption may adversely affect vaginal structure and function. Limited studies are available investigating the effects of diabetic complications on ER expression and distribution in the vaginal wall. Aim of the Work: This work aimed to study the effects of diabetes-induced changes on the vaginal structure, the expression of ERα as well as to determine whether the supplementation of estradiol can ameliorate these changes or not. Material and Methods: Thirty female albino rats were divided into 3 equal groups, 10 rats each. The first was the control received the vehicle only, the second was the diabetics, received a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150mg/kg), and the third was diabetic/estradiol treated. Eight week-diabetic animals were injected subcutaneously with estradiol 20μg/kg/day dissolved in peanut oil for 8 weeks. By the age of 16 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, blood samples were collected to estimate the serum estradiol level and the vagina was removed and processed for paraffin sections at 5μm thick. For routine histopathological assessment H and E was used. Masson's trichrome used for collagen fibers and estrogen immunoperoxidase stains for ERα. Results: Diabetic rats showed highly significant decline in the serum estradiol level (19.6 ± 8.4 pcg/ml) compared to the controls (126.6 ± 7.6 pcg/ml). Histopathological examination revealed thinning of the vaginal epithelial layers, increase in the collagen deposition in the submucosa, marked atrophy in the muscularis layer and decrease in ERα immunostaining. Treatment of diabetic animals with estradiol for eight weeks led to its increase to a sub-physiological level (35.1 ± 5.7pcg/ml) and marked hypertrophy of the muscularis layer and re-stratification of the vaginal epithelium. Moreover, there was marked reduction in the nuclear and cytoplasmic ERα immunostaining in the epithelium and increase in its expression in the stroma of the lamina propria and in the muscularis layer as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Diabetes-induced structural changes in the vagina may be a consequence of decreased levels of estrogen. The increase in the estradiol level, even at a sub-physiologic level, can ameliorate these atrophic effects.

The Protective Effect of Seeds and Sprouts of Fenugreek and Alfalfa on Rats Exposed to Lead Poisoning

“…These findings are in agreement with (Ibrahim et al, 2011) who found that lead caused decreases in rats' growth rate when fed on it. Also, agreed with(Seddik et al, 2010) who reported that chronic Pb exposure for 90 days was associated with a decrease in body weight gains when compared to control rats.…”

Evaluation of therapeutic effects of camel milk against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by fipronil and lead acetate and their mixture

“…The ingestion of lead acetate into male of albino rats caused decreases in the average gain of body weight and increased orangs weight increases in liver function in enzymes (ALT and AST) Activity and changed the lipid profile but total soluble protein and albumin contents of plasma were decreased and cholinesterase activity was inhibited, in contrast alkaline and acid phosphatases as well as LDH activities were increased (Abdel-Rahim et al 2014 ). The lead ingestion reduced the blood hemoglobin and RBC count under the same condition (Ibrahim et al 2011 ). The toxicity of lead is closely related to age, sex, route of exposure, level and frequency of intake, solubility, metal oxidation state, retention percentage, and duration of exposure and efficiency of excretion.…”

Impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in reducing the effect of lead acetate toxicity in mice

“…Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 alters biochemical and hematological profiles, revealing renal and hepatic toxicity via an increase in (ROS) formation and (OS), revealing an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in GSH in renal and hepatic tissues ( Ibrahim et al, 2011 , Wang et al, 2011 , Liu et al, 2012 ). Ozsoy et al, (2011) Pb always causes biochemical and histological changes in the blood, kidney, liver, and brain tissues.…”

“…Elmenoufy (2012) found that Pb treatment increased the creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, and urea levels in exposed rats; moreover, Pb-exposed rats exhibited increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and TG, and also elevated ALP, GPT, and GOT enzymes. Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 altered hematological and biochemical profiles and revealed renal and hepatic damage via a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, resulting in oxidative stress (OS), elevated lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels in tissues ( Ibrahim et al, 2011 , Liu et al, 2012 ).…”