Retinal Hemorrhage in Newborns and Organic Amblyopia

Survey of retinal haemorrhages in neonatal thoroughbred foals

“…Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn child have been suggested as an indicator of subclinical, or minimal, brain damage or bleeding (Critchley 1968, Egge and others 1981) but Skalpe and others (1982) demonstrated by computed tomography that there was no association between the presence of intracranial bleeding and retinal haemorrhages. Several studies have confirmed the earlier findings of Bonamour (1949) that retinal haemorrhages do not produce any abnormal ophthalmoscopic appearance in later life or any long‐term effect on vision (von Noorden and Khodadoust 1973, Levin and others 1980). In this survey there was no significant difference in the incidence of retinal haemorrhages in relation to the behaviour of the foals or the time they took to stand and suck, but premature or dysmature foals were under‐represented among the foals with retinal haemorrhages.…”

Survey of retinal haemorrhages in neonatal thoroughbred foals

“…Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn child have been suggested as an indicator of subclinical, or minimal, brain damage or bleeding (Critchley 1968, Egge and others 1981) but Skalpe and others (1982) demonstrated by computed tomography that there was no association between the presence of intracranial bleeding and retinal haemorrhages. Several studies have confirmed the earlier findings of Bonamour (1949) that retinal haemorrhages do not produce any abnormal ophthalmoscopic appearance in later life or any long‐term effect on vision (von Noorden and Khodadoust 1973, Levin and others 1980). In this survey there was no significant difference in the incidence of retinal haemorrhages in relation to the behaviour of the foals or the time they took to stand and suck, but premature or dysmature foals were under‐represented among the foals with retinal haemorrhages.…”

Neonatal Macular Hemorrhage in a Term Healthy Infant: 18-Year Follow-up

“…Even when case series purport no adverse effects of newborn macular hemorrhages, all of them demonstrate either visual acuity differences or ocular alignment issues in some of the affected cases, which have been dismissed as being normal. 5,6,7 Several case reports and case series have demonstrated clinically relevant adverse functional and anatomic effectsamblyopia, strabismus, and cicatricial changes-of neonatal macular hemorrhages. 4,8,9 The Association of Pediatric Retina Surgeons has defined newborns with macular hemorrhages obscuring the visual axis as referable macular hemorrhage (RMH), where RMH is any hemorrhage impinging 3000 µm of the center of the macula, and the macula is defined as 1.5 mm circle centered 4.4 mm temporal to the optic disk.…”

“…Even when case series purport no adverse effects of newborn macular hemorrhages, all of them demonstrate either visual acuity differences or ocular alignment issues in some of the affected cases, which have been dismissed as being normal 5,6,7. Several case reports and case series have demonstrated clinically relevant adverse functional and anatomic effects—amblyopia, strabismus, and cicatricial changes—of neonatal macular hemorrhages 4,8,9…”

Timing of Congenital Cataract Surgery from Different Aspects

“…However, in the early neonatal period, the immature visual system is still reliant on sub-cortical pathways [6]. During this 'latentperiod', which is 6 weeks for unilateral visual deprivation, visual disturbance does not appear to impact final visual out come and unilateral cataract surgery performed with in this period produces excellent outcomes, where as surgery carriedout after this has poor visual prognosis [7,8]. Lambert and Drack [9] demonstrated that the latent period for bilateral visual deprivation may be as long as 10 weeks, and this correlates well with previous published studies in infants with bilateral congenital cataracts [10][11][12].…”

Survey of retinal haemorrhages in neonatal thoroughbred foals

“…Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn child have been suggested as an indicator of subclinical, or minimal, brain damage or bleeding (Critchley 1968, Egge and others 1981) but Skalpe and others (1982) demonstrated by computed tomography that there was no association between the presence of intracranial bleeding and retinal haemorrhages. Several studies have confirmed the earlier findings of Bonamour (1949) that retinal haemorrhages do not produce any abnormal ophthalmoscopic appearance in later life or any long‐term effect on vision (von Noorden and Khodadoust 1973, Levin and others 1980). In this survey there was no significant difference in the incidence of retinal haemorrhages in relation to the behaviour of the foals or the time they took to stand and suck, but premature or dysmature foals were under‐represented among the foals with retinal haemorrhages.…”

Neonatal Macular Hemorrhage in a Term Healthy Infant: 18-Year Follow-up

“…Even when case series purport no adverse effects of newborn macular hemorrhages, all of them demonstrate either visual acuity differences or ocular alignment issues in some of the affected cases, which have been dismissed as being normal. 5,6,7 Several case reports and case series have demonstrated clinically relevant adverse functional and anatomic effectsamblyopia, strabismus, and cicatricial changes-of neonatal macular hemorrhages. 4,8,9 The Association of Pediatric Retina Surgeons has defined newborns with macular hemorrhages obscuring the visual axis as referable macular hemorrhage (RMH), where RMH is any hemorrhage impinging 3000 µm of the center of the macula, and the macula is defined as 1.5 mm circle centered 4.4 mm temporal to the optic disk.…”

“…Even when case series purport no adverse effects of newborn macular hemorrhages, all of them demonstrate either visual acuity differences or ocular alignment issues in some of the affected cases, which have been dismissed as being normal 5,6,7. Several case reports and case series have demonstrated clinically relevant adverse functional and anatomic effects—amblyopia, strabismus, and cicatricial changes—of neonatal macular hemorrhages 4,8,9…”

Timing of Congenital Cataract Surgery from Different Aspects

“…However, in the early neonatal period, the immature visual system is still reliant on sub-cortical pathways [6]. During this 'latentperiod', which is 6 weeks for unilateral visual deprivation, visual disturbance does not appear to impact final visual out come and unilateral cataract surgery performed with in this period produces excellent outcomes, where as surgery carriedout after this has poor visual prognosis [7,8]. Lambert and Drack [9] demonstrated that the latent period for bilateral visual deprivation may be as long as 10 weeks, and this correlates well with previous published studies in infants with bilateral congenital cataracts [10][11][12].…”

Survey of retinal haemorrhages in neonatal thoroughbred foals

“…Retinal haemorrhages in the newborn child have been suggested as an indicator of subclinical, or minimal, brain damage or bleeding (Critchley 1968, Egge and others 1981) but Skalpe and others (1982) demonstrated by computed tomography that there was no association between the presence of intracranial bleeding and retinal haemorrhages. Several studies have confirmed the earlier findings of Bonamour (1949) that retinal haemorrhages do not produce any abnormal ophthalmoscopic appearance in later life or any long‐term effect on vision (von Noorden and Khodadoust 1973, Levin and others 1980). In this survey there was no significant difference in the incidence of retinal haemorrhages in relation to the behaviour of the foals or the time they took to stand and suck, but premature or dysmature foals were under‐represented among the foals with retinal haemorrhages.…”

Neonatal Macular Hemorrhage in a Term Healthy Infant: 18-Year Follow-up

“…Even when case series purport no adverse effects of newborn macular hemorrhages, all of them demonstrate either visual acuity differences or ocular alignment issues in some of the affected cases, which have been dismissed as being normal. 5,6,7 Several case reports and case series have demonstrated clinically relevant adverse functional and anatomic effectsamblyopia, strabismus, and cicatricial changes-of neonatal macular hemorrhages. 4,8,9 The Association of Pediatric Retina Surgeons has defined newborns with macular hemorrhages obscuring the visual axis as referable macular hemorrhage (RMH), where RMH is any hemorrhage impinging 3000 µm of the center of the macula, and the macula is defined as 1.5 mm circle centered 4.4 mm temporal to the optic disk.…”

“…Even when case series purport no adverse effects of newborn macular hemorrhages, all of them demonstrate either visual acuity differences or ocular alignment issues in some of the affected cases, which have been dismissed as being normal 5,6,7. Several case reports and case series have demonstrated clinically relevant adverse functional and anatomic effects—amblyopia, strabismus, and cicatricial changes—of neonatal macular hemorrhages 4,8,9…”

Timing of Congenital Cataract Surgery from Different Aspects

“…However, in the early neonatal period, the immature visual system is still reliant on sub-cortical pathways [6]. During this 'latentperiod', which is 6 weeks for unilateral visual deprivation, visual disturbance does not appear to impact final visual out come and unilateral cataract surgery performed with in this period produces excellent outcomes, where as surgery carriedout after this has poor visual prognosis [7,8]. Lambert and Drack [9] demonstrated that the latent period for bilateral visual deprivation may be as long as 10 weeks, and this correlates well with previous published studies in infants with bilateral congenital cataracts [10][11][12].…”