The appetitive component of feeding is controlled by forebrain substrates but the consummatory behaviors of licking, mastication and swallowing are organized in the brainstem. The target of forebrain appetitive signals is unclear but likely includes regions of the medullary reticular formation (RF). The present study was undertaken to determine the necessity of different RF regions for mastication induced by a descending appetitive signal. We measured solid food intake in response to third ventricular (3V) infusions of the orexigenic peptide, neuropeptide Y 3-36 in awake, freelymoving rats and determined whether focal RF infusions of the GABA A agonist muscimol suppressed eating. Reticular formation infusions were centered in either the lateral tegmental field, comprised of the intermediate (IRt) and parvocellular (PCRt) RF, or in the nucleus gigantocellularis (Gi). Infusions of NPY 3-36 (5 ug/5ul) into 3V significantly increased feeding of solid food over a 90 minute period compared to the non-infused condition (4.3 ± 0.56 versus 0.57 ± 0.57g, p < .001). NPY 3-36 induced food intake was suppressed (1.7g ± 0.48) by simultaneous infusions of muscimol (0.6 mM/100 nl) into the IRt/PCRt (p < .01). Coincident with the decrease in feeding was a decrease in the amplitude of anterior digastric muscle contractions in response to intra-oral sucrose infusions. In contrast, infusions of muscimol into Gi had no discernible effect on food intake or EMG amplitude. These data suggest that the IRt/PCRt is essential for forebrain-initiated mastication but that the Gi is not a necessary link in this pathway.
Keywords mastication; central pattern generatorFeeding is controlled by structures located in widespread regions of the brain (Broberger, 2005) (Berthoud, 2002;Morton, Cummings, Baskin, Barsh, & Schwartz, 2006) (Saper, Chou, & Elmquist, 2002). Within this distributed system are certain critical nodes that subserve specific functions. One node, the hypothalamus, is sensitive to humoral and neural signals reflecting homeostatic state and receives numerous other inputs; e.g., from the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain structure implicated in reward (Kelley, Baldo, & Pratt, 2005). Many of the integrative capacities of the hypothalamus are shared by the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla (Grill, 2006), but an animal reliant solely on the brainstem does not feed (Grill & Norgren, 1978a). For this reason, the appetitive component of feeding is thought to be organized in the forebrain. Critically, however, the forebrain structures that monitor energy balance, generate craving, and sense the rewarding properties of food must at some point interface with substrates that actually produce the behavior of eating. Compared to the remarkable progress in unraveling the intricate circuitry of the hypothalamus, relatively little is known of these pathways. It is generally accepted that the lower brainstem contains the neural circuitry responsible for the generation of consummatory behavior but the precise locations of the...