Restriction Factors and Chikungunya Virus

Mahauad‐Fernandez, Wadie D.; Okeoma, Chioma M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42958-8_11

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In contrast, the HIM images presented here not only allow for the quantification of particles and clusters, but also enable an unveiled view on the interaction of virus particles with the cell membrane. The presented particle cluster seems to have a coalesced appearance, which might be caused by the virus–virus and virus–membrane interactions mediated through agglutinating BST-2 [ 40 – 41 ]. Some viral particles appear to be connected to the cell membrane by a continuous junction (arrowheads).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

Frese¹,

Schmerer²,

Wortmann³

et al. 2021

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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Helium ion microscopy (HIM) offers the opportunity to obtain direct views of biological samples such as cellular structures, virus particles, and microbial interactions. Imaging with the HIM combines sub-nanometer resolution, large depth of field, and high surface sensitivity. Due to its charge compensation capability, the HIM can image insulating biological samples without additional conductive coatings. Here, we present an exploratory HIM study of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells, in which several areas of interaction between cells and virus particles, as well as among virus particles, were imaged. The HIM pictures show the three-dimensional appearance of SARS-CoV-2 and the surface of Vero E6 cells at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 1 with great morphological detail. The absence of a conductive coating allows for a distinction between virus particles bound to the cell membrane and virus particles lying on top of the membrane. After prolonged imaging, it was found that ion-induced deposition of hydrocarbons from the vacuum renders the sample sufficiently conductive to allow for imaging even without charge compensation. The presented images demonstrate the potential of the HIM in bioimaging, especially for the imaging of interactions between viruses and their host organisms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

Frese¹,

Schmerer²,

Wortmann³

et al. 2021

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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“…Long‐term BST‐2 overexpression has been implicated in the growth and progression of some cancers, so methods to enhance BST‐2 surface expression should be approached with caution. However, it is unclear whether enhanced surface expression over a short term would be a significant risk.…”

Section: Strategies To Harness Bst‐2 Antiviral Function To Acceleratementioning

confidence: 99%

Limiting Respiratory Viral Infection by Targeting Antiviral and Immunological Functions of BST‐2/Tetherin: Knowledge and Gaps

Berry

Kober

et al. 2018

BioEssays

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Recent findings regarding the cellular biology and immunology of BST-2 (also known as tetherin) indicate that its function could be exploited as a universal replication inhibitor of enveloped respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.). BST-2 inhibits viral replication by preventing virus budding from the plasma membrane and by inducing an antiviral state in cells adjacent to infection via unique inflammatory signaling mechanisms. This review presents the first comprehensive summary of what is currently known about BST-2 anti-viral function against respiratory viruses, how these viruses construct countermeasures to antagonize BST-2, and how BST-2 function might be targeted to develop therapies to treat respiratory virus infections. The authors address the current gaps in knowledge, including the need for mechanistic understanding of BST-2 antagonism by respiratory viruses, that should be bridged to achieve that goal.

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“…TIWARI ET AL. (Mahauad-Fernandez et al, 2014).The functional significance of BST-2 expression levels in malignancy remains to be elucidated, but BST-2 homodimers appear critical in certain instances for the promotion of cancer cell adhesion (Mahauad-Fernandez and Okeoma, 2017). In addition, BST-2 enhances cancer cell survival and growth by promoting proteosomal degradation of proapoptotic proteins, such as BIM-a member of the Bcl-2 protein family (Mahauad-Fernandez and Okeoma, 2017) (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Tethering the Viral Particles: Immunomodulatory Functions of Tetherin (BST-2)

Tiwari

Torre

McGavern

et al. 2019

DNA and Cell Biology

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Host response to viral infection is a highly regulated process involving engagement of various host factors, cytokines, chemokines, and stimulatory signals that pave the way for an antiviral immune response. The response is manifested in terms of viral sequestration, phagocytosis, and inhibition of genome replication, and, finally, if required, lymphocyte-mediated clearance of virally infected cells. During this process, cross-talk between viral and host factors can shape disease outcomes and immunopathology. Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2), also know as tetherin, is induced by type I interferon produced in response to viral infections, as well as in certain cancers. BST-2 has been shown to be a host restriction factor of virus multiplication through its ability to physically tether budding virions and restrict viral spread. However, BST-2 has other roles in the host antiviral response. This review focuses on the diverse functions of BST-2 and its downstream signaling pathways in regulating host immune responses.

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Restriction Factors and Chikungunya Virus

Cited by 3 publications

References 54 publications

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

Limiting Respiratory Viral Infection by Targeting Antiviral and Immunological Functions of BST‐2/Tetherin: Knowledge and Gaps

Beyond Tethering the Viral Particles: Immunomodulatory Functions of Tetherin (BST-2)

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