Restraining orders for battered Women: Issues of access and efficacy

Feminism and criminology

“…Yet the effect of new laws and programs on changing police and court practices seems far less impressive. Officials' resistance and organizational inertia are common themes; program success can be short-lived (Berk, Loseke, Berk, and Rauma 1980;Berk, Rauma, Loseke, and Berk 1982;Crites 1987;Grau, Fagan, and Wexler 1984;Quarto and Schwartz 1984;Spencer 1987). Some scholars think legal reforms may serve a deterrent and educative function over the long term, and thus that it may be unreasonable to expect immediate change in men's violence or in the state's response (Osborne 1984).…”

Digital photographic evidence and the adjudication of domestic violence cases

“…Specifically, women who received CPOs were just as likely to report new violence as those that had no protection orders (Grau, Fagan, & Wexler, 1984).…”

A Trial of Telephone Support Services to Prevent Further Intimate Partner Violence

“…Protection orders, arrest policies, batterers' treatment, screening in health care settings, advocacy services, and home visitation are reviewed here. Holt, Kernic, Lumley, Wolf, and Rivara (2002) found that permanent protection orders were correlated with decreased rates of police-reported IPV, but a previous study (Grau, Fagan, & Wexler, 1985) did not corroborate the benefits of protection orders. Maxwell and colleagues (2001) concluded that mandatory arrest of perpetrators resulted in only mild decreases in recidivism for IPV.…”