Resting cysts, and effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of vegetative cells of the potentially harmful species Alexandrium insuetum Balech (Dinophyceae)

Novel Non-paralytic Shellfish Toxin and Non-spirolide Toxicity to Finfish, Brine Shrimp, and Rotifer Observed in a Culture of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium insuetum Isolated From the Coastal Water of China

“…Moreover, A. insuetum is phylogenetically close to A. minutum in terms of forming the minutum/insuetum group (Lilly et al, 2005;John et al, 2014;Shin et al, 2014). Compared with most species of the A. minutum/insuetum group, however, A. insuetum has a feature that the pore plate (Po) and the 1 ′ plate are completely disconnected (Lilly et al, 2005;Shin et al, 2014). It has been speculated that there have been only a few records of this species in the literature due to the remarkable morphological and phylogenetic similarities between A. insuetum and A. minutum (Lilly et al, 2005;Spatharis et al, 2007;Shin et al, 2014).…”

“…Alexandrium insuetum was first described by Balech (1985) from Korea, and it has been then reported from the coastal areas of Korea (Shin et al, 2014), Japan (Yuki and Yoshimatsu, 1990;Kim et al, 2005), Greece (Nikolaidis et al, 2005;Spatharis et al, 2007), France (Guillou et al, 2002), andTunis (Daly Yahia-Kefi et al, 2001). Both toxic or nontoxic strains of A. insuetum have been reported (Adachi et al, 1994;Lilly et al, 2005) and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity was also detected in a strain isolated from Uchinoumi, Japan, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorometric method (Sako et al, 2004), whereas many other strains have not been subjected to toxins analysis (Guillou et al, 2002;Kim et al, 2002;Spatharis et al, 2007;Shin et al, 2014). In April 2003, an A. insuetum bloom (max.…”

“…Alexandrium insuetum is morphologically similar to A. minutum and A. tamutum (Lilly et al, 2005) in all having a small cell size and a posterior sulcal (sp) plate wider than its length (Balech, 1989;Montresor et al, 2004;Shin et al, 2014). Moreover, A. insuetum is phylogenetically close to A. minutum in terms of forming the minutum/insuetum group (Lilly et al, 2005;John et al, 2014;Shin et al, 2014). Compared with most species of the A. minutum/insuetum group, however, A. insuetum has a feature that the pore plate (Po) and the 1 ′ plate are completely disconnected (Lilly et al, 2005;Shin et al, 2014).…”

“…1.4 × 10 5 cells•L −1 ) with Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha (Bacillariophyceae) was observed and developed into dense blooms in the Aegean Sea, Greece (Spatharis et al, 2007), but no death of marine animals were reported. Alexandrium insuetum has been generally considered to be a potentially harmful species (Sako et al, 2004;Spatharis et al, 2007;Shin et al, 2014), but the characterization of its toxicity and toxins has never been well-accomplished.…”

“…Vegetative cells of A. insuetum are solitary unless two daughter cells in division, oval in shape, and also characterized by highly reticulated cell surface and presence of a ventral pore located on the first apical (1 ′ ) plate (Balech, 1985;Yuki and Yoshimatsu, 1990;Shin et al, 2014). Alexandrium insuetum is morphologically similar to A. minutum and A. tamutum (Lilly et al, 2005) in all having a small cell size and a posterior sulcal (sp) plate wider than its length (Balech, 1989;Montresor et al, 2004;Shin et al, 2014). Moreover, A. insuetum is phylogenetically close to A. minutum in terms of forming the minutum/insuetum group (Lilly et al, 2005;John et al, 2014;Shin et al, 2014).…”