Response of juvenile pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887) to balanced digestible protein

Effect of digestible protein on intermediate metabolism, hepatic enzyme activities, energy reserves, and growth performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in the finishing growth phase

“…An essential amino acid balance (ideal relationship among essential amino acids -EAAs) (Table 2) was maintained in the two basal diets by using the EAAs requirements recommended by Khan et al (2020a) for pacu as a reference. The ratios of EAAs in the high protein and low protein diets were xed according to the procedure of Khan et al (2020b). 1 Folic acid (1.00 mg kg − 1 ), pantothenic acid (20.00 mg kg − 1 ), antioxidant (125.00 mg kg − 1 ), choline (150.00 mg kg − 1 ), copper (10.00 mg kg − 1 ), iron (100.00 mg kg − 1 ), iodine (5.00 mg kg − 1 ), manganese (70.00 mg kg − 1 ), selenium (0.15 mg kg − 1 ), vitamin A (3.000.00 IU kg − 1 ), vitamin B (16.00 mg kg − 1 ), vitamin B12 (20.00 mg kg − 1 ), vitamin B2 (8.00 mg kg − 1 ), vitamin B6 (3.00 mg kg − 1 ), vitamin C (350.00 mg kg − 1 ), vitamin D3 (3000.00 IU kg − 1 ), vitamin E (200.00 IU kg − 1 ), vitamin K (6.00 mg kg − 1 ), zinc (150.00 mg kg − 1 ), niacin (100.00 mg kg − 1 ) and biotin (0.10 mg kg − 1 ).…”

“…The nutritional composition and quality of the diet have a direct impact on the sustainability of production in intensive rearing systems (Thoman et al 1999; Khan et al 2019Khan et al , 2020b. The quality of the feed as a whole is mainly determined by its essential amino acid (EAA) pro le (Marchão et al 2020).…”

Mechanistic model based optimization of feeding practices in aquaculture

“…Since excess feeding or offering poor quality feed to fish will result in economic losses and water pollution, it is very important to understand feeding efficiency and determine cost-effective feeding strategy throughout production process. Some recent research results (Khan et al, 2020a;Khan et al, 2020b;Khan et al, 2019) on improving feed quality by adjusting essential amino acid pattern show that a proper dietary protein to energy ratios can maximize protein utilization efficiency. Feed costs and the marketing strategy of final yield play important roles in the economically optimized levels of dietary protein.…”

Digestible protein requirements for maintenance, growth, and efficiency of protein utilization in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles: an exponential nitrogen utilization model

“…Aquafeeds contain optimum essential nutrients ratios required for normal muscle and body protein growth (NRC 2011). Several studies have been assessed the dietary protein requirements of fish, inclu-ding pacu (Fernandes et al 2000, Carmo de Sá & Fracalossi 2002, Luo et al 2004, Alam et al 2008, Sá et al 2008, Kim & Lee 2009, Bicudo et al 2010, Signor et al 2010, Zhang et al 2010, Klein et al 2014, Khan et al 2020a. These studies have usually evaluated protein requirements through body weight gain, while little is known about establishing optimal dietary protein by considering the aspects of body nitrogen deposition and nitrogen retention and maintenance requirement, and efficiency of protein utilization (Liebert 2015).…”