Respiratory involvement in inflammatory bowel diseases

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and are due to a dysregulation of the antimicrobial defense normally provided by the intestinal mucosa. This inflammatory process may extend outside the bowel to many organs and also to the respiratory tract. The respiratory involvement in IBD may be completely asymptomatic and detected only at lung function assessment, or it may present as bronchial disease or lung parenchymal alterations. Corticosteroids, both systemic and aerosolized, are the mainstay of the therapeutical approach, while antibiotics must be also administered in the case of infectious and suppurative processes, whose sequels sometimes require surgical intervention. The relatively high incidence of bronchopulmonary complications in IBD suggests the need for a careful investigation of these patients in order to detect a possible respiratory involvement, even when they are asymptomatic.

Expiratory CT scan in patients with normal inspiratory CT scan: a finding of obliterative bronchiolitis and other causes of bronchiolar obstruction

“…Obliterative bronchiolitis can be cryptogenic, postinfectious (mostly, secondary to prior viral or Mycoplasma infection), or secondary to noxious fume inhalation, graft-versus-host disease, lung transplantation, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and penicillamine therapy [25,26]. …”

Association of Typhoid Fever Severity with Polymorphisms NOD2, VDR and NRAMP1 Genes in Endemic Area, Indonesia

“…The NOD2 are key bacteria-sensing receptors and are important in the early response against enteric pathogens, including S. typhimurium and Citrobacter rodentium 4 . Mutations in NOD2 in humans have been associated with inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and Cohn's disease, respectively 5 . Previous study, analyzed polymorphism at NOD2 gene of locus exon 4,802 between the leprosy patients of PB, MB types and healthy persons and finding out the relationship between polymorphism of NOD2 gene and antibody titer.…”

Cutaneous Vasculitis, Interstitial Pneumonia with Crazy-Paving Appearance, and Positive pANCA in a Patient with Severe Crohn’s Disease

“…Pulmonary involvement in CD has previously been reported with an estimated prevalence of 0.4% in a study of 1400 patients [ 5 – 7 ]. The airways and lung parenchyma were more commonly affected by granulomatous inflammation or nongranulomatous inflammation owing to the preexisting CD [ 5 – 7 ]. Shulimzon et al [ 8 ] described two female patients with CD whose necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the lung occurred 5 years before the bowel symptoms.…”

“…Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD) are prevalent [ 1 – 5 ]. However, the diversity and nonspecific manifestations can be a challenge to physicians in managing this disease.…”