Resolving the size of ice-nucleating particles with a balloon deployable aerosol sampler: the SHARK

Porter, Grace C. E.; Sikora, Sebastien N. F.; Adams, Michael P.; Proske, Ulrike; Harrison, Alexander D.; Tarn, Mark D.; Brooks, Ian M.; Murray, Benjamin J.

doi:10.5194/amt-2019-457

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The size‐resolved INP activity ( T [INP] = 0.1 ) is also shown in Figure 3b. In many locations around the world, supermicron aerosol dominate the INP population (Creamean et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2020; Mason et al., 2016; Porter et al., 2020; Reicher et al., 2018). However, contrary to what might be expected, the smallest size ranges of <0.25 μm contributed the most INPs on five out of the eight flights, with the 2.5–10 μm and 0.5–1 μm bins both contributing the most on one flight each.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The format of the key is YYMMDD_hhmm; these correspond to the start time of the filter sample in the 24 hr time format; the start and end times are in Table S1 in Supporting Information . (b) The data from this study are presented alongside data from the literature for ground, ship and aircraft‐based campaigns around the Arctic (Bigg, 1996; Bigg & Leck, 2001; Borys, 1989; Conen et al., 2016; Creamean et al., 2018, 2019; DeMott et al., 2016; Flyger & Heidam, 1978; Hartmann et al., 2020, 2021; Irish et al., 2019; Mason et al., 2016; Porter et al., 2020; Prenni et al., 2007; Rogers et al., 2001; Sanchez‐Marroquin et al., 2020; Si et al., 2019; Wex et al., 2019) and a compilation derived from precipitation samples (Petters & Wright, 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the total INP spectrum was defined by summing across all size categories (see Porter et al. (2020)). A radiosonde (S1H2‐R, Windsond, Sweden) was integrated into the instrument package to measure the temperature, pressure and relative humidity (response time of 6 s); this data could be viewed in real time from the surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole

et al. 2022

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The amount of ice versus supercooled water in clouds is important for their radiative properties and role in climate feedbacks. Hence, knowledge of the concentration of ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) is needed. Generally, the concentrations of INPs are found to be very low in remote marine locations allowing cloud water to persist in a supercooled state. We had expected the concentrations of INPs at the North Pole to be very low given the distance from open ocean and terrestrial sources coupled with effective wet scavenging processes. Here we show that during summer 2018 (August and September) high concentrations of biological INPs (active at >−20°C) were sporadically present at the North Pole. In fact, INP concentrations were sometimes as high as those recorded at mid‐latitude locations strongly impacted by highly active biological INPs, in strong contrast to the Southern Ocean. Furthermore, using a balloon borne sampler we demonstrated that INP concentrations were often different at the surface versus higher in the boundary layer where clouds form. Back trajectory analysis suggests strong sources of INPs near the Russian coast, possibly associated with wind‐driven sea spray production, whereas the pack ice, open leads, and the marginal ice zone were not sources of highly active INPs. These findings suggest that primary ice production, and therefore Arctic climate, is sensitive to transport from locations such as the Russian coast that are already experiencing marked climate change.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole

et al. 2022

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“…To reduce influences of self-induced air movements, balloon-based sampling can be carried out. First campaigns in this field took place in England, Norway and Svalbard [57]. Porter et al sampled INPs with an unmanned remote-controlled balloon equipment (total weight 9 kg) [57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First campaigns in this field took place in England, Norway and Svalbard [57]. Porter et al sampled INPs with an unmanned remote-controlled balloon equipment (total weight 9 kg) [57]. Results show INPs to be present in a high variation of concentrations and sizes in the northern hemisphere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Drone-Based Bioaerosol Sampling System to Monitor Ice Nucleation Particles in the Lower Atmosphere

et al. 2020

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Terrestrial ecosystems can influence atmospheric processes by contributing a huge variety of biological aerosols (bioaerosols) to the environment. Several types of biological particles, such as pollen grains, fungal spores, and bacteria cells, trigger freezing processes in super-cooled cloud droplets, and as such can contribute to the hydrological cycle. Even though biogenic particles are known as the most active form of ice nucleation particles (INPs), the transport to high tropospheric altitudes, as well as the occurrence in clouds, remains understudied. Thus, transport processes from the land surface into the atmosphere need to be investigated to estimate weather phenomena and climate trends. To help fill this knowledge gap, we developed a drone-based aerosol particles sampling impinger/impactor (DAPSI) system for field studies to investigate sources and near surface transport of biological INPs. DAPSI was designed to attach to commercial rotary-wing drones to collect biological particles within about 100 m of the Earth’s surface. DAPSI provides information on particulate matter concentrations (PM10 & PM2.5), temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure at about 0.5 Hz, by controlling electrical sensors with an onboard computer (Raspberry Pi 3). Two remote-operated sampling systems (impinging and impacting) were integrated into DAPSI. Laboratory tests of the impinging system showed a 96% sampling efficiency for standardized aerosol particles (2 µm polystyrene latex spheres) and 84% for an aerosol containing biological INPs (Betula pendula). A series of sampling missions (12 flights) were performed using two Phantom 4 quadcopters with DAPSI onboard at a remote sampling site near Gosau, Austria. Fluorescence microscopy of impactor foils showed a significant number of auto-fluorescent particles < 0.5 µm at an excitation of 465–495 nm and an emission of 515–555 nm. A slight increase in ice nucleation activity (onset temperature between −27 °C and −31 °C) of sampled aerosol was measured by applying freezing experiments with a microscopic cooling technique. There are a number of unique opportunities for DAPSI to be used to study the transport of bioaerosols, particularly for investigations of biological INP emissions from natural sources such as birch or pine forests.

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Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs

Burrows

McCluskey

Cornwell

et al. 2022

Reviews of Geophysics

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Atmospheric ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) play a critical role in cloud freezing processes, with important implications for precipitation formation and cloud radiative properties, and thus for weather and climate. Additionally, INP emissions respond to changes in the Earth System and climate, for example, desertification, agricultural practices, and fires, and therefore may introduce climate feedbacks that are still poorly understood. As knowledge of the nature and origins of INPs has advanced, regional and global weather, climate, and Earth system models have increasingly begun to link cloud ice processes to model‐simulated aerosol abundance and types. While these recent advances are exciting, coupling cloud processes to simulated aerosol also makes cloud physics simulations increasingly susceptible to uncertainties in simulation of INPs, which are still poorly constrained by observations. Advancing the predictability of INP abundance with reasonable spatiotemporal resolution will require an increased focus on research that bridges the measurement and modeling communities. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and identifies critical knowledge gaps from both observational and modeling perspectives. In particular, we emphasize needs in two key areas: (a) observational closure between aerosol and INP quantities and (b) skillful simulation of INPs within existing weather and climate models. We discuss the state of knowledge on various INP particle types and briefly discuss the challenges faced in understanding the cloud impacts of INPs with present‐day models. Finally, we identify priority research directions for both observations and models to improve understanding of INPs and their interactions with the Earth System.

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Resolving the size of ice-nucleating particles with a balloon deployable aerosol sampler: the SHARK

Cited by 4 publications

References 51 publications

Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole

Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole

A Drone-Based Bioaerosol Sampling System to Monitor Ice Nucleation Particles in the Lower Atmosphere

Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs

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