Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

It remains unclear as to what extent resistance training (RT) can attenuate muscle loss during caloric restriction (CR) interventions in humans. The objective here is to address if RT could attenuate muscle loss induced by CR in obese elderly individuals, through summarized effects of previous studies. Databases MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science were used to perform a systematic search between July and August 2017. Were included in the review randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing the effects of CR with (CRRT) or without RT on lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), and total body mass (BM), measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, on obese elderly individuals. The six RCTs included in the review applied RT three times per week, for 12 to 24 weeks, and most CR interventions followed diets of 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. RT reduced 93.5% of CR-induced LBM loss (0.819 kg [0.364 to 1.273]), with similar reduction in FBM and BM, compared with CR. Furthermore, to address muscle quality, the change in strength/LBM ratio tended to be different (p = 0.07) following CRRT (20.9 ± 23.1%) and CR interventions (−7.5 ± 9.9%). Our conclusion is that CRRT is able to prevent almost 100% of CR-induced muscle loss, while resulting in FBM and BM reductions that do not significantly differ from CR.

Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial.

“…Nevertheless, the intervention will provoke a reduction in BF compensated by an increase in FFM. [18] Among the mechanisms that would explain the scant difference in weight loss between people following a diet or a diet/PA combination, other authors suggest that; 1) this is based on the patients increasing adaptation to the physical activity program, which implies a lower energy expenditure over the time [19]; and 2) that there is an increase in appetite as the energy expenditure is increases due to PA [20].…”

Caloric restriction and cellular senescence

“…Moreover, CR in monkeys reduces morbidity and mortality for cancer, cardiovascular disease and frailty 39,40 . Indeed, in contrast to the scientifically unsupported opinion that long-term CR promotes frailty [41][42][43] , recent data from the Wisconsin CR Primate study clearly show that the levels of weakness, poor endurance, slowness, low physical activity and frailty were significantly lower in the CR than in the ad-libitum fed monkeys 44 .…”

Enhanced Wound Healing With Caloric Restriction, Refeeding, And Intermittent Fasting: Dietary Strategies In Support Of Bioproliferative Injection Therapies

“…Furthermore weight loss via cr is accompanied by a significant decrease in lean body mass (lbm) 41 A loss of muscle mass is also associated with frailty and increased mortality at advanced ages, and is a challenge for successful aging 42 However a meta-analysis reviewing factors of exercise, training, aging, sarcopenia, muscle mass, strength training, caloric restriction diets concluded that crrt (cr with resistance training) is able to prevent almost 100% of cr-induced muscle loss, while resulting in fbm and bm reductions that do not significantly differ from cr. 43 Effects of cr on agerelated impairments in wound healing in rodents have been variable, 20,21,22 In general, restricted animals have not demonstrated improvements in wound healing and in some cases even appear to be more impaired than age-matched, ad libitumfed, senescent counterparts 21 [reiser et al, 1995]. However, at least one report has suggested that if restricted animals are re-fed ad libitum before wounding, healing rates improve markedly and are superior to those in non restricted controls 22 [reed et al, 1996].…”