Resilience and post-traumatic stress disorder in the acute aftermath of rape: a comparative analysis of adolescents versus adults

Walt, Lydia van der; Suliman, Sharain; Martin, Lindi; Lammers, Kees; Seedat, Soraya

doi:10.2989/17280583.2014.923433

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This relationship merits further examination. Future interventions should consider the importance of resilience and post-traumatic growth within settings where experiences of traumatic events and HIV risk are extremely high [64]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma exposure among adolescent men and women in Soweto, South Africa: implications for HIV prevention

et al. 2016

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BackgroundYouth trauma exposure is associated with syndemic HIV risk. We measured lifetime prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma experience by gender among adolescents living in the HIV hyper-endemic setting of Soweto, South Africa.MethodsUsing data from the Botsha Bophelo Adolescent Health Survey (BBAHS), prevalence of “ever” experiencing a traumatic event among adolescents (aged 14–19) was assessed using a modified Traumatic Event Screening Inventory-Child (TESI-C) scale (19 items, study alpha = 0.63). We assessed self-reported number of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced overall and by gender. Gender-stratified multivariable logistic regression models assessed independent correlates of ‘high PTE score’ (≥7 PTEs).ResultsOverall, 767/830 (92%) participants were included (58% adolescent women). Nearly all (99.7%) reported experiencing at least one PTE. Median PTE was 7 [Q1,Q3: 5-9], with no gender differences (p = 0.19). Adolescent men reported more violent PTEs (e.g., “seen an act of violence in the community”) whereas women reported more non-violent HIV/AIDS-related PTEs (e.g., “family member or someone close died of HIV/AIDS”). High PTE score was independently associated with high food insecurity among adolescent men and women (aOR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.36-5.09; aOR = 2.57, 95%CI = 1.55-4.26, respectively). For men, high PTE score was also associated with older age (aOR = 1.40/year, 95%CI = 1.21-1.63); and recently moving to Soweto (aOR = 2.78, 95%CI = 1.14-6.76). Among women, high PTE score was associated with depression using the CES-D scale (aOR = 2.00, 95%CI = 1.31-3.03,) and inconsistent condom use vs. no sexual experience (aOR = 2.69, 95%CI = 1.66-4.37).ConclusionNearly all adolescents in this study experienced trauma, with gendered differences in PTE types and correlates, but not prevalence. Exposure to PTEs were distributed along social and gendered axes. Among adolescent women, associations with depression and inconsistent condom use suggest pathways for HIV risk. HIV prevention interventions targeting adolescents must address the syndemics of trauma and HIV through the scale-up of gender-transformative, youth-centred, trauma-informed integrated HIV and mental health services.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3832-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma exposure among adolescent men and women in Soweto, South Africa: implications for HIV prevention

et al. 2016

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“…Cronbach’s alphas for the present groups ranged from .93–.94. 3 The CD-RISC has been used in studies targeting sexual victimization (e.g., van der Walt et al, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the processes that lead to negative outcomes following sexual victimization is important as it informs prevention and intervention strategies. In this regard, past research highlights the importance of perceived social support (e.g., Schumm, Briggs-Phillips, & Hobfoll, 2006;Steine et al, 2017), resilience (e.g., van der Walt, Suliman, Martin, Lammers, & Seedat, 2014;Wisco et al, 2014), and coping (e.g., Leiner, Kearns, Jackson, Astin, & Rothbaum, 2012;Ullman, Townsend, Filipas, & Starzynski, 2007) in understanding reactions to sexual victimization. Yet, the interplay of these constructs has not been investigated.…”

Section: Copingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several recent studies reported higher resilience associated with less negative consequences of sexual victimization. For example, higher resilience has been related to a lower likelihood of a provisional diagnosis of PTSD in veterans with a sexual abuse history in adulthood (Wisco et al, 2014) and to lower PTS severity in adult female survivors of rape (van der Walt et al, 2014). These theoretical and empirical reports suggest that levels of resilience that sexually victimized women display in response to the stressful experiences are important determinants of posttrauma outcomes.…”

Section: Associations Between Resilience and Ptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Association Between Perceived Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Among Women With Lifetime Sexual Victimization: The Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Coping

Hirai

Charak

Seligman

et al. 2020

Violence Against Women

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This study examined the association between perceived social support and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms, serially mediated by resilience and coping among women exposed to different patterns of sexual victimization experiences: childhood sexual abuse (CSA) only, adult sexual assault (ASA) only, and sexual revictimization (SR). A total of 255 sexually victimized women recruited from four U.S. universities completed self-report measures online; 112 participants reported provisionally diagnosable levels of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The proposed model was largely supported in the CSA only group and the SR group. Different patterns of mediational effects were found across the three groups. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

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“…Given these adverse associations, it is important to understand individual factors that might moderate the potentially significant and negative consequences for trauma-exposed individuals. Review of the literature reveals that higher levels of resilience may be protective against PTSD symptomology and severity in response to trauma (e.g., Besser, Zeigler-Hill, Weinberg, Pincus, & Neria, 2015;van der Walt, Suliman, Martin, Lammers, & Seedat, 2014). In addition, the relationship between PTSD and suicide ideation has been shown to be moderated by specific resiliency factors, including altruism, social connectedness, and perceived ability to cope (Hein., 2019).…”

Section: Resilience and Gritmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective effects of grit on suicidal ideation in individuals with trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress

et al. 2019

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Objective It is important to understand factors that moderate the likelihood of developing suicidal thoughts following traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Method In this cross‐sectional study, a moderated atemporal mediation analysis was conducted in a sample of 709 college students (71% female, M age = 19.90 years, 67% Caucasian) to test the associations between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and suicidal ideation, with grit entered as a moderator of all paths in the equation. Results PTSD symptoms mediated the association between trauma and suicidal ideation. Grit moderated the direct pathway from PTSD symptoms to suicidal ideation. Conclusions Grit and other constructs of resiliency may inform strength‐focused interventions to remediate the impact of trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms and potentially reduce suicidal thoughts and risk for suicide.

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Resilience and post-traumatic stress disorder in the acute aftermath of rape: a comparative analysis of adolescents versus adults

Abstract: More knowledge of resilience versus stress susceptibility for PTSD throughout the lifespan is needed and can inform the development of more effective clinical assessment and resilience-promoting strategies.

Cited by 15 publications

References 38 publications

Prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma exposure among adolescent men and women in Soweto, South Africa: implications for HIV prevention

Prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma exposure among adolescent men and women in Soweto, South Africa: implications for HIV prevention

An Association Between Perceived Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Among Women With Lifetime Sexual Victimization: The Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Coping

The protective effects of grit on suicidal ideation in individuals with trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress

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