Residents’ risk perceptions, willingness to accept international tourists, and self-protective behaviour during destination re-opening amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

What influences restaurant dining out and diners’ self-protective intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: Applying the Protection Motivation Theory

“…The PMT theory has been extensively used to explain health, travel, and restaurant visit risk issues among tourists ( Wang et al, 2019 , Lee et al, 2019 , Yasami, 2021 , Ryu et al, 2022 ). This study provides evidence that confirms the usefulness of PMT in explaining self-protective behavior of restaurant patrons when dining out during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

“…Therefore, further research is necessary to better understand restaurant visit behavior during the pandemic, especially those factors influencing restaurant visits and protective behaviors. The Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), which explains what stimulates individuals to guard themselves in response to a perceived health threat ( Rogers, 1975 ), was used as the framework in this study because this theory has been widely and successfully used in previous health risk studies in the field of hospitality and tourism (Lopez-Velez & Bayas, 2007; Wang, Liu-Lastres, Ritchie, & Mills, 2019 ; Ryu et al, 2022 ). The theory is considered suitable in this study context as it specifically seeks to explain anticipated health risk, which is the COVID-19 pandemic in this study, and intention to perform self-protection behaviors against the health threat, which is the pandemic infection risk while dining in the restaurant in this situation.…”

Applying an Extended Protection Motivation Theory Model to Predict Resident Hospitality During the COVID-19 Crisis

“…Against this background, researchers have conducted several models to explore the factors affecting residents' attitudes toward tourism during the COVID-19 crisis (Joo et al, 2021;Y. Liu et al, 2022;Rey-Carmona et al, 2023;Ryu et al, 2023;Woosnam et al, 2022;Xu et al, 2022). However, these models are mainly developed based on compensatory control theory (Y. , social exchange theory (Rey-Carmona et al, 2023;Woosnam et al, 2022), theory of planned behavior (Xu et al, 2022), and emotional solidarity theory (Joo et al, 2021).…”

“…However, these models are mainly developed based on compensatory control theory (Y. , social exchange theory (Rey-Carmona et al, 2023;Woosnam et al, 2022), theory of planned behavior (Xu et al, 2022), and emotional solidarity theory (Joo et al, 2021). Scant research has applied protection motivation theory (PMT) to understand resident hospitality as a response to COVID-19 pandemic (Ryu et al, 2023). PMT provides an explanatory framework in which individuals' self-protection behaviors in the face of risks are mainly motivated by their threat appraisals (e.g., threat severity and threat vulnerability) and coping appraisals (e.g., response efficacy and selfefficacy; Milne et al, 2000;Rogers, 1975).…”

“…Second, the high threat of COVID-19 and the limited sense of efficacy of residents to deal with it have caused considerable fear among residents (Ryu et al, 2023). In this sense, fear of COVID-19 provides an emotion-related internal process to understand resident hospitality during the COVID-19 crisis.…”