Residential coal combustion as a source of primary sulfate in Xi'an, China

Dai, Qili; Bi, Xinhui; Song, Wenbin; Li, Tingkun; Liu, Baoshuang; Ding, Jin; Xu, Jiao; Song, Congbo; Yang, Naiwang; Schulze, Benjamin C.; Zhang, Yufen; Feng, Yinchang; Hopke, Philip K.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.002

Cited by 109 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…For the aerosol chlorine in an urban atmosphere, excluding the natural origins, anthropogenic emissions (such as coal combustion and biomass burning (including burning of residential and industrial biofuel, agricultural waste and wildfires)) have been widely mentioned in the literature [32,57,58]. However, the mole ratios of Cl − /Na + in PM 2.5 for all the cities in our observations during winter were higher than the Cl − /Na + mole ratios in PM 2.5 that collected directly from the flue gas of biomass burning (3.2 ± 2.7) [71][72][73][74] and coal combustion (1.2 ± 1.9) [73,[75][76][77][78][79] (Figure 6a). This may be ascribed to, on the one hand, the chlorine released from biomass burning and coal combustion, including both gas-phase HCl and particulate Cl − [76], and sampling the PM 2.5 from the flue gas only, which would filter the particulate Cl − .…”

Section: Source Apportionment Of CL − In Pm 25contrasting

confidence: 57%

“…For example, Cl − in aerosols that were sampled in the open ocean was dominantly distributed in size ranges from 4.7 to 5.8 µm [88], and during dust periods, aerosol Cl − was mainly located in the coarse mode [89]. Primary particulate Cl − emitted directly from coal combustion and biomass burning was distributed in the fine mode [34,75]. However, most of the chlorine was emitted into the atmosphere from coal combustion and biomass burning as gas-phase HCl [90,91].…”

Section: Size Distributions Of Aerosol CL − : a Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter

et al. 2019

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Chlorine is an important atmospheric photochemical oxidant, but few studies have focused on atmospheric chlorine. In this study, PM 2.5 samples were collected from urban and rural sites across China in January 2018, and concentrations of Cl − and other water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 were analyzed. The size-segregated aerosol Cl − data measured across Chinese cities by other studies were compiled for comparison. The observed data demonstrated that the Cl − concentrations of PM 2.5 in northern cities (5.0 ± 3.7 µg/m 3 ) were higher than those in central (1.9 ± 1.2 µg/m 3 ) and southern cities (0.84 ± 0.54 µg/m 3 ), suggesting substantial chlorine emissions in northern cities during winter. The concentrations of Cl − in aerosol were significantly higher in urban regions (0.11-26.7 µg/m 3 ) compared to than in rural regions (0.03-0.61 µg/m 3 ) across China during winter, implying strong anthropogenic chlorine emission in cities. Based on the mole ratios of Cl − /Na + , Cl − /K + and Cl − /SO 2− 4 and the PMF model, Cl − in northern and central cities was mainly sourced from the coal combustion and biomass burning, but in southern cities, Cl − in PM 2.5 was mainly affected by the equilibrium between gas-phase HCl and particulate Cl − . The size-segregated statistical data demonstrated that particulate Cl − had a bimodal pattern, and more Cl − was distributed in the fine model than that in the coarse mode in winter, with the opposite pattern was observed in summer. This may be attributed to both sources of atmospheric Cl − and Cl − involved in chemical processes. This study reports the concentrations of aerosol Cl − on a national scale, and provides important information for modeling the global atmospheric reactive chlorine distribution and the effects of chlorine on atmospheric photochemistry.Atmosphere 2019, 10, 505 2 of 16 may disturb the aerosol acidity [11][12][13][14], which further affects the water-soluble ion concentrations aerosol [15,16]. Although the Cl − concentration in aerosol has been incidentally reported in many studies, very few studies have paid attention to Cl − in terrestrial aerosols as compared to marine aerosol, let alone in situ observations on a large spatial scale.The sources of atmospheric Cl − have been identified using several different methods, such as determining stable isotopic compositions of Cl − [17][18][19], monitoring the relationships between Cl − and OC, EC, Na + , and K + [16,[20][21][22], and model simulations [23,24]. Atmospheric Cl − has many natural sources, including sea water, wildfires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions [25][26][27][28], as well as anthropogenic sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, industrial emissions, and the use of sodium chloride on icy roads [20,21,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The chlorine emissions from sea water (both particulate Cl − and gas-phase HCl) were estimated to be 1792.6 Tg Cl yr −1 [23], which is considerably higher than emissions from other sources, such as dust (15 Tg Cl yr −1 as particulate Cl − ) and volcanic eruption...

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Section: Source Apportionment Of CL − In Pm 25contrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Size Distributions Of Aerosol CL − : a Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter

et al. 2019

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“…Liu et al, 2017;. Additionally, although the gaseous HNO , H 2 SO 4 HCl and NH 3 were not measured in this study, gas-phase input with the exception of NH 3 has an insignificant impact on the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and pH calculation due to the lower concentrations of HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and HCl as compared with NH 3 in the atmosphere (Ding et al, 2019;Guo et al, 2017). Based on the long-term measurement in the winter in Beijing, an empirical equation between NO x and NH 3 concentrations was derived from the previous study (Meng et al, 2011), that is, NH 3 (in parts per billion) = 0.34 × NO x (in parts per billion) + 0.63, which was employed for estimating the NH 3 concentration in this study.…”

Section: Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 61%

Formation mechanisms of atmospheric nitrate and sulfate during the winter haze pollution periods in Beijing: gas-phase, heterogeneous and aqueous-phase chemistry

et al. 2020

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Abstract. A vast area in China is currently going through severe haze episodes with drastically elevated concentrations of PM2.5 in winter. Nitrate and sulfate are the main constituents of PM2.5, but their formations via NO2 and SO2 oxidation are still not comprehensively understood, especially under different pollution or atmospheric relative humidity (RH) conditions. To elucidate formation pathways of nitrate and sulfate in different polluted cases, hourly samples of PM2.5 were collected continuously in Beijing during the wintertime of 2016. Three serious pollution cases were identified reasonably during the sampling period, and the secondary formations of nitrate and sulfate were found to make a dominant contribution to atmospheric PM2.5 under the relatively high RH condition. The significant correlation between NOR, NOR = NO3-/(NO3-+NO2), and [NO2]2 × [O3] during the nighttime under the RH≥60 % condition indicated that the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 involving aerosol liquid water was responsible for the nocturnal formation of nitrate at the extremely high RH levels. The more often coincident trend of NOR and [HONO] × [DR] (direct radiation) × [NO2] compared to its occurrence with [Dust] × [NO2] during the daytime under the 30 % < RH < 60 % condition provided convincing evidence that the gas-phase reaction of NO2 with OH played a pivotal role in the diurnal formation of nitrate at moderate RH levels. The extremely high mean values of SOR, SOR = SO42-/(SO42-+SO2), during the whole day under the RH≥60 % condition could be ascribed to the evident contribution of SO2 aqueous-phase oxidation to the formation of sulfate during the severe pollution episodes. Based on the parameters measured in this study and the known sulfate production rate calculation method, the oxidation pathway of H2O2 rather than NO2 was found to contribute greatly to the aqueous-phase formation of sulfate.

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“…Five air pollutants emissions averagely decreased by 39% in 2017 compared to 2013. The SO 2 emissions decreased from 104 thousand tons in 2012 to 14 thousand tons in 2017, an average decrease of 86.7%, which was primarily due to the vigorous control of coal-burning sources [26,27]. The use of coal was greatly reduced.…”

Section: Emission Changes Between 2012 and 2017mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Effective Assessment of Control Measures Implemented by Clean Air Action Plan (2013–2017) in Beijing, China

et al. 2020

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The Beijing government initiated the Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) in 2013. Through a series of actions to control air pollution, the emissions of major atmospheric pollutants are reduced to improve urban air quality. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures taken to mitigate atmospheric pollution, we investigated and analyzed the implementation of the CAAP in Beijing from 2013 to 2017, estimating the corresponding reduction in emissions of major air pollutants. The contribution of different control measures to the improvement of air quality was quantified and the experiences of managing air pollution were summarized, which provided references for the continuous improvement of air quality in Beijing and the surrounding areas. The results showed that the emission of SO 2 , NO X , PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and VOCs from air pollution source have been decreased by 119,924, 116,091, 116,810, 46,652, and 97,267 tons after the implementation of the CAAP. The sum of these five air pollutants emissions have been reduced by 39% in 2017 compared with 2013, the largest decrease in SO 2 emissions was 87%, which was related to the vigorous control on coal-fired combustion. The control measure with the greatest contribution to decreasing the ambient PM 2.5 concentration was the clean energy transformation of coal-fired power plants, which contributed 27% of the total reduced concentration and 6.1 µg/m 3 of the average PM 2.5 concentration reduction in Beijing. Clean Residential coal use also significantly decreased the PM 2.5 concentration by 5.4 µg/m 3 , which was 23% of the total reduction. In addition, the industrial restructuring and the management of automotive vehicle use and dust could also contribute to efficiently reducing the PM 2.5 concentration by 4.0, 3.2, and 2.3 µg/m 3 , or 17%, 14%, and 10% of the total reduction, respectively. Due to the implementation of control measures of Clean Air Action Plan, the energy and industrial structure of Beijing have been adjusted and optimized, leading to the reduction of pollutant emissions, which is the secret of urban long-term air quality improvement.

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Residential coal combustion as a source of primary sulfate in Xi'an, China

Cited by 109 publications

References 54 publications

Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter

Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter

Formation mechanisms of atmospheric nitrate and sulfate during the winter haze pollution periods in Beijing: gas-phase, heterogeneous and aqueous-phase chemistry

Environmental Effective Assessment of Control Measures Implemented by Clean Air Action Plan (2013–2017) in Beijing, China

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