Research progress on vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Bian, Lianlian; Liu, Jianyang; Gao, Fan; Gao, Qiushuang; He, Qian; Mao, Qunying; Wu, Xing; Xu, Miao; Liang, Zhenglun

doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2057161

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…As a result, individuals who received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine have over 22-fold decreases in neutralizing activity against the Omicron strain, when compared to the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 strain ( 10 ). Efficacies of the other current vaccines against Delta and Omicron VOCs have also declined ( 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pan-neutralizing, germline-encoded antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: Addressing the long-term problem of escape variants

Lunderberg

Dutta²,

Collier³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Despite the initially reported high efficacy of vaccines directed against ancestral SARS-CoV-2, repeated infections in both unvaccinated and vaccinated populations remain a major global health challenge. Because of mutation-mediated immune escape by variants-of-concern (VOC), approved neutralizing antibodies (neutAbs) effective against the original strains have been rendered non-protective. Identification and characterization of mutation-independent pan-neutralizing antibody responses are therefore essential for controlling the pandemic. Here, we characterize and discuss the origins of SARS-CoV-2 neutAbs, arising from either natural infection or following vaccination. In our study, neutAbs in COVID-19 patients were detected using the combination of two lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) tests, corroborated by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT). A point-of-care neutAb LFIA, NeutraXpress™, was validated using serum samples from historical pre-COVID-19 negative controls, patients infected with other respiratory pathogens, and PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Surprisingly, potent neutAb activity was mainly noted in patients generating both IgM and IgG against the Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), in contrast to samples possessing anti-RBD IgG alone. We propose that low-affinity, high-avidity, germline-encoded natural IgM and subsequent generation of class-switched IgG may have an underappreciated role in cross-protection, potentially offsetting immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants. We suggest Reverse Vaccinology 3.0 to further exploit this innate-like defense mechanism. Our proposition has potential implications for immunogen design, and provides strategies to elicit pan-neutAbs from natural B1-like cells. Refinements in future immunization protocols might further boost long-term cross-protection, even at the mucosal level, against clinical manifestations of COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pan-neutralizing, germline-encoded antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: Addressing the long-term problem of escape variants

Lunderberg

Dutta²,

Collier³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…The rapid worldwide spread of the Omicron variant has decreased vaccine efficacy against infection (Bian et al, 2022; Hacisuleyman et al, 2021). However, protection against severe disease remains good, and is significantly increased by a third vaccine dose (Planas et al, 2022; Tauzin et al, 2022b; Tregoning et al, 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4⁺T cell profile

Sannier

Nicolas

Dubé

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Cellular immune defects associated with suboptimal responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in people receiving hemodialysis (HD) are poorly understood. We longitudinally analyzed antibody, B cell, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell vaccine responses in 27 HD patients and 26 low-risk control individuals (CI). The first two doses elicit weaker B cell and CD8+ T cell responses in HD than in CI, while CD4+ T cell responses are quantitatively similar. In HD, a third dose robustly boosts B cell responses, leads to convergent CD8+ T cell responses and enhances comparatively more Thelper (TH) immunity. Unsupervised clustering of single-cell features reveals phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. The third dose attenuates some features of TH cells in HD (TNFα/IL-2 skewing), while others (CCR6, CXCR6, PD-1 and HLA-DR overexpression) persist. Therefore, a third vaccine dose is critical to achieve robust multifaceted immunity in hemodialysis patients, although some distinct TH characteristics endure.

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“…32,39 Due to the rapid mutation of the spike protein during the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2, the neutralizing activity against the prevalent virus strains induced by existing COVID-19 vaccines of the first generation declined to varying extents. 40,41 The Omicron variant, which appeared at the end of 2021 with 38 mutations in the spike protein, has rapidly replaced other VOCs and become the dominant variant worldwide. As presented in Figure 2, heterologous prime-boost regimen PS-RBD > RNA-RBD improved the vaccine-induced NAb response against the ancestral and Delta strain, but at a modest level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed formulation of mRNA and protein‐based COVID‐19 vaccines triggered superior neutralizing antibody responses

Zhang

Yan

et al. 2022

MedComm

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Integrating different types of vaccines into a singular immunization regimen is an effective and accessible approach to strengthen and broaden the immunogenicity of existing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine candidates. To optimize the immunization strategy of the novel mRNA‐based vaccine and recombinant protein subunit vaccine that attracted much attention in COVID‐19 vaccine development, we evaluated the immunogenicity of different combined regimens with the mRNA vaccine (RNA‐RBD) and protein subunit vaccine (PS‐RBD) in mice. Compared with homologous immunization of RNA‐RBD or PS‐RBD, heterologous prime‐boost strategies for mRNA and protein subunit vaccines failed to simultaneously enhance neutralizing antibody (NAb) and Th1 cellular response in this study, showing modestly higher serum neutralizing activity and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity for “PS‐RBD prime, RNA‐RBD boost” and robust Th1 type cellular response for “RNA‐RBD prime, PS‐RBD boost”. Interestingly, immunizing the mice with the mixed formulation of the two aforementioned vaccines in various proportions further significantly enhanced the NAb responses against ancestral, Delta, and Omicron strains and manifested increased Th1‐type responses, suggesting that a mixed formulation of mRNA and protein vaccines might be a more prospective vaccination strategy. This study provides basic research data on the combined vaccination strategies of mRNA and protein‐based COVID‐19 vaccines.

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Research progress on vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Cited by 14 publications

References 137 publications

Pan-neutralizing, germline-encoded antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: Addressing the long-term problem of escape variants

Pan-neutralizing, germline-encoded antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: Addressing the long-term problem of escape variants

A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4⁺T cell profile

Mixed formulation of mRNA and protein‐based COVID‐19 vaccines triggered superior neutralizing antibody responses

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Research progress on vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Cited by 14 publications

References 137 publications

Pan-neutralizing, germline-encoded antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: Addressing the long-term problem of escape variants

Pan-neutralizing, germline-encoded antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: Addressing the long-term problem of escape variants

A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4+T cell profile

Mixed formulation of mRNA and protein‐based COVID‐19 vaccines triggered superior neutralizing antibody responses

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A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4⁺T cell profile