“…Consequently, prostatitis is often challenging to treat fully. Over the years, various synthetic chemical molecules (such as ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin, flomoxef, and cilastatin) ( Dan et al, 1987 ; Schaeffer and Darras, 1990 ; Kuiper et al, 2020 ; Nakamura et al, 2020 ; Zheng J. et al, 2022 ) and herbal medicines have been developed into oral dosage forms ( Hu et al, 2022 ; Xu et al, 2022 ; Gao et al, 2023 ; Zhong et al, 2023 ). In clinics, doctors often combine traditional Chinese medicines with Western medicine and antibiotics for improved therapeutic effects on patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis.…”