Research Article Production and disease resistance of elite black bean lines previously selected using mineral nitrogen fertilization cultivated with natural versus artificial nitrogen supplementation

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is the most important soil nutrient for common beans; the main sources are mineral N fertilizers and symbiotic N fixation (SNF). The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a N fixing species, but breeding programs have neglected this fact. We investigates black seeded elite lines grown with mineral N fertilization or using inoculation with rhizobia to select lines with broad adaptability, high yield stability, and high agronomic performance. Fifteen black seeded common bean elite lines and cultivars, all of them selected under mineral N fertilization, were evaluated in major bean crop regions in the Brazilian states of Goiás, Paraná and Distrito Federal in different growing seasons and years, totaling 13 environments (combination of location/growing season/year). Two side-by-side experiments were set up in each environment, one exclusively with mineral N fertilization (total of 80 kg ha -1 of N) and another with Rhizobium inoculation only. The agronomic traits evaluated were seed yield, 100-seed weight, sieve yield, reaction to anthracnose and angular leaf spot. The nodulation traits evaluated were number of nodules and nodule dry matter, specific weight of nodules and relative nodulation index. The N ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 19 (2): gmr18491 P.A.S. Dias et al. 2source significantly affected seed yield, 100-seed weight and reaction to anthracnose. All lines produced a higher yield and had higher 100seed weight under N mineral fertilization; but they were more resistant to disease when inoculated with rhizobia. The interaction between lines and N sources was significant for seed yield, sieve yield, and reaction to anthracnose. However, it did not affect selection of the best lines regardless of N source. The cultivars BRS FP403 and BRS Esteio are recommended for planting with either of the two N sources because they were the highest yielding and exhibited high adaptability and stability under both N supply systems. Selection of superior lines does not appear to depend on the source of N used during crop development. The lines BRS Campeiro and CNFP 15177 gave the highest nodulation index, indicating that these lines should be used in crosses with high yielding lines to produce lines with high seed yield and high nodulation, reducing possible yield losses in SNF systems compared to those that useonly mineral N fertilizer.

Effectiveness of breeding selection for grain quality in common bean

“…The SY and the 100GW were measured according to Dias et al. (2020); and grain yield was determined through weighing the grain collected in the plot after correcting moisture to 13%.…”

“…For CT, a 25-grain sample was taken from a homogeneous sample of 100-grain samples from each plot, and the Mattson cooker method was performed, according to Ribeiro, Cargnelutti Filho, and Rosa (2007). The SY and the 100GW were measured according to Dias et al (2020); Crop Science and grain yield was determined through weighing the grain collected in the plot after correcting moisture to 13%.…”

Response of early-cycle common bean cultivars with carioca, black and speckled grains to top-dressing nitrogen fertilization

“…All in all, the cultivars presented leaf N contents within the range considered adequate for common bean (Ambrosano et al, 1997). This may have occurred due to the presence of residual N from the soybean crop previously cultivated in the area (Ambrosano et al 1997), due to the plant's ability to perform biological N fixation (Aragão et al 2019;Bettiol et al 2020, Dias et al 2020) and due to the fertility of the soil in the experimental area.…”

“…Although common bean plants perform symbiosis with bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, the biological fixation of N is insufficient to meet the requirements of this nutrient during their cycle, so N fertilizer needs to be applied via fertilization (Aragão et al 2020;Bettiol et al 2020;Dias et al 2020). There are studies in the literature indicating the response of the crop to the top-dressing application of doses greater than 180 kg ha -1 (Farinelli and Lemos 2010;Soratto et al 2017;Souza et al 2019).…”