Requirements for throughfall monitoring: The roles of temporal scale and canopy complexity

Zimmermann, Alexander; Zimmermann, Beate

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.014

Cited by 71 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Under each of the selected tree species, various methods of throughfall measurements were implemented, in order to catch the spatial variability of throughfall, and to avoid missing data. Throughfall is best measured using a combination of fixed and roving gauges to ensure representative samples [14,29,30]. Two steel trough gauges (0.75 m 2 area) were positioned alongside each tree stem towards the tree canopy edge (Figure 1).…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Raindrop Size Distribution on Throughfall Dynamics under Pine and Birch Trees at the Rainfall Event Level

Zabret¹,

Rakovec²,

Mikoš³

2017

Atmosphere

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Abstract:Part of precipitation is intercepted by forest canopies, while the rest reaches the ground as throughfall or stemflow. This process is influenced by various meteorological variables, of which we have mainly focused on drop diameter and velocity. Rainfall in the open and throughfall under birch and pine trees have both been measured since 2014 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The results demonstrate that the total throughfall during 3.5 years was 73% and 53% of rainfall under birch and pine trees, respectively. During the 236 analysed events, the median volume diameter was 1.8 mm (±1.7 mm), and kinetic energy between 0.01 mJ/cm 2 and 23.3 mJ/cm 2 was recorded. We closely analysed the effect of rainfall microstructure on throughfall under pine and birch trees during three specific rainfall events. The increase in drop diameter and fall velocity during a rainfall event instantaneously increased throughfall under pine trees between 25% and 47%, whereas no such changes were observed under birch trees. This may be the consequence of different tree properties of the two species. Additionally, in the case of a saturated canopy, throughfall under pine trees exceeded rainfall in the open after an onset of larger and faster drops.

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Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Raindrop Size Distribution on Throughfall Dynamics under Pine and Birch Trees at the Rainfall Event Level

Zabret¹,

Rakovec²,

Mikoš³

2017

Atmosphere

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“…Throughfall is the part of rainfall that reaches forest floor either through dripping from the tree canopies and after fulfilling initial interception storage or direct passing the canopy gaps (Chappell and Bidin, 2001;David et al, 2011;Díaz et al, 2007;Guswa and Spence, 2012;Huber and Iroumé, 2001;Rahmani et al, 2011;Roberts and Rosier, 2005;Wuyts et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2006;Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal variation of throughfall in a hyrcanian plain forest stand in Northern Iran

Yousefi

Sadeghi

Mirzaee

et al. 2017

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics

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Elucidating segregation of precipitation in different components in forest stands is important for proper forest ecosystems management. However, there is a lack of information on important rainfall components viz. throughfall, interception and stemflow in forest watersheds particularly in developing countries. We therefore investigated the spatiotemporal variation of important component of throughfall for a forest stand in a Hyrcanian plain forest in Noor City, northern Iran. The study area contained five species of Quercus castaneifolia, Carpinus betulus, Populus caspica and Parrotia persica. The research was conducted from July 2013 to July 2014 using a systematic sampling method. Ninetysix throughfall collectors were installed in a 3.5 m × 3.5 m grid cells. The canopy covers during the growing/leaf-on (i.e., from May to November) and non-growing/leaf-off (i.e., from December to March) seasons were approximately 41% and 81%, respectively. The mean cumulative throughfall during the study period was 623±31 mm. The average throughfall (TF) as % of rainfall (TFPR) during leaf-on and leaf-off periods were calculated 56±14% and 77±10%, respectively. TF was significantly (R 2 = 0.97, p = 0.00006) correlated with gross precipitation. Percent of canopy cover was not correlated with TF except when gross precipitation was <30 mm. A comparison between leaf-off and leaf-on conditions indicated a significantly higher TFPR and corresponding hotspots during leaf-on period. TFPR also differed between seasons with a maximum amount in winter (82%). The results of the study can be effectively used by forest watershed managers for better perception of hydrological behavior of the Hyrcanian forest in the north of Iran under different silvicultural circumstances leading to getting better ecosystem services.

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“…Radrigo and Àvila (2001) also reported that 95% of the weekly distribution of mean throughfall does not exceed a 5% error with more than 23 collectors. The confidence level in this study is larger than that in the previous studies (Radrigo & Àvila 2001, Zimmermann & Zimmermann 2014. On the other hand, based on an analysis of 20 studies, Iida (2009) reviewed the relationship between the confidence interval expressed as a percentage of mean throughfall and the total area used to collect rain water for throughfall measurements.…”

Section: Box Plot Definitionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The numbers of collectors required at all rain events to estimate the mean throughfall within 10% and 5% of the mean at the 95% confidence level were 32 and 180, respectively. The design of an optimum design sampling scheme for estimating mean throughfall depended on the temporal scale of sampling and forest complexity (Zimmermann & Zimmermann 2014). Twenty-five funnel-type collectors would be efficient to estimate mean throughfall for periods including many events in even complicated forests (Zimmermann & Zimmermann 2014).…”

Section: Box Plot Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Throughfall at an Abandoned Skid Trail in a Tropical Rain Forest in Peninsular Malaysia

Noguchi

Negishi

Yusop³

et al. 2018

JARQ

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Knowledge of throughfall at abandoned skid trails in tropical forests is extremely scarce. Thus, throughfall was measured using 120 storage rain gauges set on a skid trail left abandoned 41 years after forest harvesting in the Bukit Tarek Experimental Watershed (BTEW) in Peninsular Malaysia. All trees of ≥ 1 m height in the plot were identified to the species level, and their diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured. Vegetation along the skid trail comprises trees with smaller DBH (0.2-31.0 cm, with a mean of 2.0 cm) and shorter height (1.0-20.0 m, with a mean of 2.8 m) than those in the regenerated secondary forests of BTEW. The diversity (i.e. 43 families, 131 species) at the skid trail was similar to that in an old tropical forest at BTEW. The ratio of throughfall to gross rainfall (Th/Rg) for 84 rain events ranged from 27.4% to 204.7% with a mean and standard deviation of 98.1% and 33.2%, respectively. We found that a considerable amount of rainwater dropped under bertam (i.e. Eugeissona tristis) and rattan (i.e. Daemonorops callicarpa, Calamus insignis) vegetation. The Th/Rg ratio weakly correlated with canopy openness. The mean Th/Rg ratio is the largest mean ratio ever reported for forests in Malaysia.

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Requirements for throughfall monitoring: The roles of temporal scale and canopy complexity

Cited by 71 publications

References 110 publications

Influence of Raindrop Size Distribution on Throughfall Dynamics under Pine and Birch Trees at the Rainfall Event Level

Influence of Raindrop Size Distribution on Throughfall Dynamics under Pine and Birch Trees at the Rainfall Event Level

Spatio-temporal variation of throughfall in a hyrcanian plain forest stand in Northern Iran

Throughfall at an Abandoned Skid Trail in a Tropical Rain Forest in Peninsular Malaysia

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