Reproductive risk factors, pregnancy characteristics and obstetric outcome in female doctors

Paternal and maternal exposure to welding fumes and metal dusts or fumes and adverse pregnancy outcomes

“…Gestational age was in most cases estimated using ultrasound, which is a part of routine examination in prenatal care. In Finland, over 99% of pregnant women book into prenatal care, which is a prerequisite to claim money provided by the state (Heinonen and Saarikoski 2002). SGA was based on the sex-speciWc birth weight distribution of the nonsmoking women in the study population.…”

“…Recent results from quality assessment studies have suggested a close agreement between the registry and hospital data (Gissler and Haukka 2004;Hemminki et al 1992). It is estimated that over 99% of all births taking place in Finland are captured by the MBR (Gissler and Haukka 2004;Heinonen and Saarikoski 2002).…”

Work as a physician and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a Finnish nationwide population-based registry study

“…The study of Pharaoh et al [4] provided evidence that the anesthetists have a higher risk of low birth weight (6.2 vs. 4.0%) than other physicians, being in line with the suggestive effects of anesthetic gases. Two large epidemiologic studies [13,14] however, found no differences in the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes among physicians and reference groups. Klebanoff et al [13] conducted a large epidemiologic study in the US, where they compared 1,293 pregnancies of 4,412 female residents and 1,494 pregnancies of 4,236 spouses of male residents.…”

“…They found no differences in the risk of miscarriage, ectopic gestation, stillbirths, preterm delivery, small-for-gestational age, preterm labor and preeclampsia. Heinonen and Saarikoski [14] conducted a population-based study in Eastern Finland, where they compared singleton pregnancies of 331 physicians, 656 teachers and singleton pregnancies of 21,997 women in the general population. The occurrence of pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age was similar between the compared groups.…”

“…Our prior literature search identified 11 studies [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], which have provided evidence of the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes among physicians in different settings. The results are controversial, which may be explained by differences in occupational hazards and regulations concerning work during pregnancy.…”