Reply to: Comment on ‘Molecular evidence of viral DNA in non-small cell lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung’

Robinson, Lary A.; Jaing, Crystal; Campbell, Christine Pierce; Magliocco, Anthony; Xiong, Yin; Magliocco, Genevra; Thissen, James B.; Antonia, Scott

doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.339

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Variables were selected based on literature and availability of the data. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status were combined into one prognostic factor (ER or PR positive, ER and PR negative) [ 18 ]. Age at diagnosis of the primary tumour (<40, 40–49, 50–75, >75), size (≤2, >2–5, ≥5 cm), grade (I, II, III), histological type (ductal, lobular or other), multifocality (yes, no), lymph node status (negative, 1–3, 4–9 nodes), hormone receptor status, type of surgery (breast conserving (BCS) or mastectomy), chemo-, endocrine and radiation therapy (all yes or no) of the primary tumour were assessed as prognostic factors for first recurrence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns and predictors of first and subsequent recurrence in women with early breast cancer

Geurts

Witteveen

Bretveld

et al. 2017

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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PurposeLittle is known about the occurrence, timing and prognostic factors for first and also subsequent local (LR), regional (RR) or distant (DM) breast cancer recurrence. As current follow-up is still consensus-based, more information on the patterns and predictors of subsequent recurrences can inform more personalized follow-up decisions.MethodsWomen diagnosed with stage I-III invasive breast cancer who were treated with curative intent were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (N = 9342). Extended Cox regression was used to model the hazard of recurrence over ten years of follow-up for not only site-specific first, but also subsequent recurrences after LR or RR.ResultsIn total, 362 patients had LR, 148 RR and 1343 DM as first recurrence. The risk of first recurrence was highest during the second year post-diagnosis (3.9%; 95% CI 3.5–4.3) with similar patterns for LR, RR and DM. Young age (<40), tumour size >2 cm, tumour grade II/III, positive lymph nodes, multifocality and no chemotherapy were prognostic factors for first recurrence. The risk of developing a second recurrence after LR or RR (N = 176) was significantly higher after RR than after LR (50 vs 29%; p < 0.001). After a second LR or RR, more than half of the women were diagnosed with a third recurrence.ConclusionsAlthough the risk of subsequent recurrence is high, absolute incidence remains low. Also, almost half the second recurrences are detected in the first year after previous recurrence and more than 80% are DM. This suggests that more intensive follow-up for early detection subsequent recurrence is not likely to be (cost-)effective.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4340-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns and predictors of first and subsequent recurrence in women with early breast cancer

Geurts

Witteveen

Bretveld

et al. 2017

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…7 Although many microorganisms have the ability for induction of cancers, Human papilloma virus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis B and C are the most wellknown and prevalent microorganisms in this regard. 8,9 Factors such as infection, long-term residence of organisms in the host, species-based oncogenic potential, host genotype and phenotype, microorganism load and the correlation between genotype and load of microorganisms are among the common features of oncogenic microbial agents. 10 Microorganisms fairly direct cells to malignancy using mechanisms such as manipulation of signalling pathways, chronic inflammation, physiologic alterations and inter-microbial effects.…”

Section: Cancers and Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long non‐coding RNAs and microorganism‐associated cancers

Ranjbar

Behjatfar

Teimouri

et al. 2021

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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Cancerous cells are abnormal cells characterized by aberrant growth and proliferation, which can involve various types of cells and tissues. Through numerous signalling pathways, many mechanisms are involved in cells that keep them normal. These signalling pathways are tightly set by different proteins whose expression is regulated by a large number of factors. In other words, when a regulating factor does not act properly or undergoes a change in its function or expression, the result will be that the subordinate gene and subsequently the related protein will show deranged expression and activity. This leads to disordered signalling pathways which bring about uncontrolled proliferation in cells. One of the most significant factors in adjusting the expression of genes is noncoding RNAs. It should be noted that all underlying causes initiating malignancy try to alter the main regulatory factors in cellular processes and gene expression and direct the cell to an unregulated state.Microorganisms have been identified as one of the important elements to direct normal cells to abnormality. That is, they probably agitate the malignant traits through manipulating significant factors such as ncRNAs in given cells using their own or host-related factors. The present study is aimed at examining how the long noncoding RNAs are involved in microorganism-mediated cancers.

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Reply to: Comment on ‘Molecular evidence of viral DNA in non-small cell lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung’

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Patterns and predictors of first and subsequent recurrence in women with early breast cancer

Patterns and predictors of first and subsequent recurrence in women with early breast cancer

Long non‐coding RNAs and microorganism‐associated cancers

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