Replacement of fish oil by camelina and black soldier fly larvae oils in diets for juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi and their effect on growth, fatty acid profile, and gene expression of pancreatic lipases

Fish Oil Replacement by Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) Oil in Diets for Juvenile Tench (Tinca tinca L.): Effects on Survival, Growth, and Whole-Body Fatty Acid Profile

“…These findings are in disagreement with our results where, compared to the control diet, whole-body lipid content decreased significantly for the tench juveniles fed diets that included 40% and higher CO levels. In the same way, Mzengereza et al [ 29 ] and Maldonado-Othón et al [ 19 ] reported a decrease in lipid content in muscle when camelina oil was included in the diet. In studies with juvenile golden pompano ( Trachinotus ovatus ) and juvenile tench, Guo et al [ 44 ] and Sáez-Royuela et al [ 36 ], respectively, found an association between body lipid content and dietary ALA/LA so that the lowest body lipid content coincided with the highest ALA/LA ratio.…”

“…This study is consistent with those reported on Atlantic salmon [ 22 , 25 ] and in other freshwater species, such as rainbow trout [ 20 ] and Nile tilapia [ 21 ], where total FO replacement by CO had no detrimental impact on growth parameters. However, only partial FO replacement by CO has been feasible in marine species, exhibiting poorer growth with total substitution [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ] except for the studies performed on juvenile Atlantic cod by Morais et al [ 43 ] and juvenile red sea bream by [ 29 ]. In the latter, the authors hypothesized that the requirement for n − 3 LC PUFA may have likely been fulfilled through EPA and DHA from lipids provided by fishmeal included in the experimental diets, allowing for a good growth response even when fish oil was fully replaced by vegetable oils.…”

“…According to Tocher [ 15 ], the partial or full substitution of FO with VO is more feasible for freshwater fish than marine species, which apparently lack the ability to desaturate and elongate C-18 PUFAs and, therefore, are more likely to have n − 3 LC-PUFA deficiency. Negative effects on growth performance when FO was partially or totally replaced by CO have been reported in gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ) by Huyben et al [ 16 ] and Ofori-Mensah et al [ 17 ], Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) by Hixon and Parrish [ 18 ], and totoaba ( Totoaba macdonaldi ) by Maldonado-Othon et al [ 19 ]. However, total FO replacement by CO did not affect the growth performance of freshwater species, such as rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) [ 20 ], Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) [ 21 ], and the diadromous Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

“…Final fish composition as whole-body or fish fillet usually reflects feed composition. When CO was included in the diets, a reduction in EPA and DHA content was reported [ 16 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 29 ]. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the changes in the fatty acid profile in fish and thus if diets including CO compromise the healthy benefits associated with human consumption of fish.…”

Insect lipid in fish nutrition: Recent knowledge and future application in aquaculture

“…Until recently, research relating to the use of insects‐based ingredients in aquafeed mainly concentrated on the utilization of insect meal rather than using insect oil or other insect derived bioactive compounds. However, the attractive fatty acid profile of several insect oils and their positive influence on fish performances draw attention to their potential as ingredients in aquafeeds (Figure 1) Moreover, the fatty acid profile of some insect oils is closely associated with the fatty acid composition of several terrestrial vegetable oils which supports its use as an alternative to vegetable oils in aquafeed without negatively affecting fish performance 14,23,78 . For instance, because BSFLO contains linoleic, 18:2n−6, and linolenic, 18:3n−3, in concentrations similar to those of SBO and other vegetable oils, freshwater fish may be able to successfully use it to biosynthesize n−3 LC‐PUFA.…”