Repeated topical application of Para-phenylenediamine induces renal histopathological changes in rats

Abstract

Hemolytic anemia and rhabdomyolysis have been often reported to be an adverse effect of drug- and chemical-induced toxicity both in experimental and real-life scenario. para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a derivative of para-nitroaniline and has been found as an ingredient of almost all hair dye formulations in varying concentrations from 2% to 4% w/v. Earlier studies have reported that the accidental oral ingestion of PPD in humans can lead to acute renal failure because of rhabdomyolysis. In the present investigation, we have tested the chronic topical application of PPD and its effect on the renal histology of Sprague-Dawley rats. The experiment provides clear evidence that topically applied PPD induces hemolytic anemia as evident from the decrease in the total RBC count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin content apart from rhabdomyolysis which subsequently causes acute renal failure in rats.

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Induced by Long-Term Topical Application of Hair Dye

“…Suliman conducted a retrospective study of 150 cases with P-paraphenylenediamine poisoning, of which 60% developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis [6]. Talking of the topical application of P-paraphenylenediamine, Bharali reported that rats painted with different concentration of Pparaphenylenediamine induced a significant decrease in the total RBC count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin level of the peripheral blood which subsequently caused acute renal failure, and extensive tubular necrosis and tubular interstitial inflammation were observed in the renal histological features [7,8].…”

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Induced by Long-Term Topical Application of Hair Dye

“…Suliman conducted a retrospective study of 150 cases with P-paraphenylenediamine poisoning, of which 60% developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis [6]. Talking of the topical application of P-paraphenylenediamine, Bharali reported that rats painted with different concentration of Pparaphenylenediamine induced a significant decrease in the total RBC count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin level of the peripheral blood which subsequently caused acute renal failure, and extensive tubular necrosis and tubular interstitial inflammation were observed in the renal histological features [7,8].…”

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Induced by Long-Term Topical Application of Hair Dye

“…Suliman conducted a retrospective study of 150 cases with P-paraphenylenediamine poisoning, of which 60% developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis [6]. Talking of the topical application of P-paraphenylenediamine, Bharali reported that rats painted with different concentration of Pparaphenylenediamine induced a significant decrease in the total RBC count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin level of the peripheral blood which subsequently caused acute renal failure, and extensive tubular necrosis and tubular interstitial inflammation were observed in the renal histological features [7,8].…”

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Induced by Long-Term Topical Application of Hair Dye

“…Suliman conducted a retrospective study of 150 cases with P-paraphenylenediamine poisoning, of which 60% developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis [6]. Talking of the topical application of P-paraphenylenediamine, Bharali reported that rats painted with different concentration of Pparaphenylenediamine induced a significant decrease in the total RBC count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin level of the peripheral blood which subsequently caused acute renal failure, and extensive tubular necrosis and tubular interstitial inflammation were observed in the renal histological features [7,8].…”