Renewable-based low-temperature district heating for existing buildings in various stages of refurbishment

Techno-economic analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family house

“…Improving the energy performance of a house can also have positive effects on the indoor climate [15] and increase the value of the building [16]. Future district heating systems are likely to have a lower distribution temperature, 50 -60 °C rather than today's 70 -90 °C [17][18][19][20], to meet the needs of new and renovated buildings with low heating demand. As a result, the district heating temperature will also be better suited for low-temperature heating systems, such as floor heating or low-temperature radiators, with distribution temperatures of 35 -45 °C [21].…”

Case study of low-temperature heating in an existing single-family house—A test of methods for simulation of heating system temperatures

“…Recent studies that have investigated the use of radiator systems for low-temperature heating in existing buildings include [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]. These studies investigated the heat supply and heat demand in certain case study buildings by applying numerical analysis [9,10] or by using building simulation programs [7][8][9]11].…”

“…These studies investigated the heat supply and heat demand in certain case study buildings by applying numerical analysis [9,10] or by using building simulation programs [7][8][9]11]. These types of analysis require that assumptions are made about the design heating power of current radiators and about the applicability of parameters and equations describing heat emissions from the radiators.…”

“…These types of analysis require that assumptions are made about the design heating power of current radiators and about the applicability of parameters and equations describing heat emissions from the radiators. For example, the estimation of the design heating power of the current radiators in the building investigated might be based on calculations of the design heat loss of the building and the design heating system temperatures [7,8,10,11]. Heat emissions from the radiators might be calculated using either arithmetic or logarithmic mean temperature differences, and by applying specified or standard radiator exponents.…”

Decentralized substations for low-temperature district heating with no Legionella risk, and low return temperatures

“…To meet the lower heating demand of energy-efficient buildings in the future and give access to more low-temperature heat sources, the concept of 4 th Generation District Heating [1] has been proposed, with the aim of developing a district heating system with lower supply temperature. A recent study investigated the feasibility of supplying space heating with low-temperature district heating (LTDH) without compromising on comfort [2], which indicates that with 3 extensive renovation and efficient heating equipment, LTDH supply is sufficient to provide an indoor temperature of 22 °C.…”