“…These data substantiated that ThLacc-S could efficiently catalyze the transformation of dominant, highly toxic, natural estrogen such as E2 in the absence of redox mediators, with formation of corresponding phenoxy radical intermediates, accompanied by four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. In view of the detected by-products and pertinent literatures (Ye et al, 2017;Li et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020), different metabolic pattern of E2 form products with additional hydroxyl and methoxyl groups to E2 and E1, and the degradation routes by ThLacc-S were deduced to be accomplished by oxidation, hydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation, demethylation, and methoxylation. Particularly noticeable are studies showing that E2 metabolized by methoxylation can hinder formation of its quinone form that are major carcinogenic metabolites (Cavalieri and Rogan, 2011).…”
Section: Edc-bioremediating Capacity Of Thlacc-smentioning
This study introduces a valuable laccase, designated ThLacc-S, purified from white rot fungus Trametes hirsuta. ThLacc-S is a monomeric protein in nature with a molecular weight of 57.0 kDa and can efficiently metabolize endocrine disrupting chemicals. The enzyme was successfully purified to homogeneity via three consecutive steps consisting of salt precipitation and column chromatography, resulting in a 20.76-fold increase in purity and 46.79% yield, with specific activity of 22.111 U/mg protein. ThLacc-S was deciphered as a novel member of the laccase family and is a rare metalloenzyme that contains cysteine, serine, histidine, and tyrosine residues in its catalytic site, and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior with a Km and a kcat/Km of 87.466 μM and 1.479 s–1μM–1, respectively. ThLacc-S exerted excellent thermo-alkali stability, since it was markedly active after a 2-h incubation at temperatures ranging from 20 to 70°C and retained more than 50% of its activity after incubation for 72 h in a broad pH range of 5.0–10.0. Enzymatic activities of ThLacc-S were enhanced and preserved when exposed to metallic ions, surfactants, and organic solvents, rendering this novel enzyme of interest as a green catalyst for versatile biotechnological and industrial applications that require these singularities of laccases, particularly biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants.
“…These data substantiated that ThLacc-S could efficiently catalyze the transformation of dominant, highly toxic, natural estrogen such as E2 in the absence of redox mediators, with formation of corresponding phenoxy radical intermediates, accompanied by four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. In view of the detected by-products and pertinent literatures (Ye et al, 2017;Li et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020), different metabolic pattern of E2 form products with additional hydroxyl and methoxyl groups to E2 and E1, and the degradation routes by ThLacc-S were deduced to be accomplished by oxidation, hydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation, demethylation, and methoxylation. Particularly noticeable are studies showing that E2 metabolized by methoxylation can hinder formation of its quinone form that are major carcinogenic metabolites (Cavalieri and Rogan, 2011).…”
Section: Edc-bioremediating Capacity Of Thlacc-smentioning
This study introduces a valuable laccase, designated ThLacc-S, purified from white rot fungus Trametes hirsuta. ThLacc-S is a monomeric protein in nature with a molecular weight of 57.0 kDa and can efficiently metabolize endocrine disrupting chemicals. The enzyme was successfully purified to homogeneity via three consecutive steps consisting of salt precipitation and column chromatography, resulting in a 20.76-fold increase in purity and 46.79% yield, with specific activity of 22.111 U/mg protein. ThLacc-S was deciphered as a novel member of the laccase family and is a rare metalloenzyme that contains cysteine, serine, histidine, and tyrosine residues in its catalytic site, and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior with a Km and a kcat/Km of 87.466 μM and 1.479 s–1μM–1, respectively. ThLacc-S exerted excellent thermo-alkali stability, since it was markedly active after a 2-h incubation at temperatures ranging from 20 to 70°C and retained more than 50% of its activity after incubation for 72 h in a broad pH range of 5.0–10.0. Enzymatic activities of ThLacc-S were enhanced and preserved when exposed to metallic ions, surfactants, and organic solvents, rendering this novel enzyme of interest as a green catalyst for versatile biotechnological and industrial applications that require these singularities of laccases, particularly biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants.
“…Centralized distribution of higher removal rate of COD, TP, and NH 4 + -N suggested that the removal of COD, TP, and NH 4 + -N was easier in most cases. Instead of regular nutrient removal, some microalgae also seem to be capable of dealing with other pollutants like PPCPs [ 58 ], plastics [ 59 ], heavy metals [ 60 , 61 ], dyes [ 62 ], antibiotics [ 63 , 64 ], and pharmaceuticals [ [65] , [66] , [67] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Why Use Immobilized Microalgal Wastewater Treatment Systems?mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Using immobilized microalgae, Wang et al. [ 66 ] investigated the removal and degradation of the frequently-detected endocrine disrupter 17β-estradiol (E2). It was theorized that the E2 removal pathway in the immobilized cells, inferred through HPLC and LC-HRMS, involved hydroxylation, o-methylation, glycosylation, dehydrogenation, and decarboxylation.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Pollutants Removal By Immobilized Microalgaementioning
confidence: 99%
“… Agricultural Untreated piggery wastewater C. sorokiniana Attached on carriers (sponge, activated carbon) COD: 5000–10000 mg L −1 ; COD: 95.7%; Semi-batch cultivation [ 133 ] BOD: 1500–4500 mg L −1 ; BOD: 99.0%; TN: 500–700 mg L −1 ; TN: 94.1%; TP: 150–250 mg L −1 ; TP: 96.9%; Municipal Actual anaerobically digested centrate C. vulgaris Alginate-entrapped (microalgae-bacterial consortium & PAC) COD: 1168.92 ± 3.14 mg L −1 ; TN: 55.04 ± 0.39 mg L −1 ; TN: 98.47 ± 0.69%; Batch PBRs [ 65 ] TP: 27.16 ± 1.24 mg L −1 ; TP: 98.49 ± 0.73%; SMX: undefined; COD: 72.12 ± 1.34%; SMX: 99.0 ± 0.2%; Raw domestic wastewater Desmodesmus sp. Alginate-entrapped 17β-estradiol(E2): 1 mg L −1 ; N: 40–86% Flasks [ 66 ] P: 26–72%; E2: 85–99% Industrial Chromium ions among industrial effluents C. sorokiniana Corn cob immobilized Cr: 50 mg L −1 ; Cr: 60% Conical flask [ 61 ] ...…”
Section: Can An Immobilized Microalgal System Be Applied In Real Wast...mentioning
“…To enhance treatment performance, immobilization of microalgae in a matrix (e.g. beads) was developed, and the efficiency of E2 removal by this technology reached 85e99% [54]. To date, several laboratory-or pilot-scale MBSs have the ability to efficiently remove typical steroid estrogens from different types of wastewater (Table S2).…”
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