Reliability and equivalence of alternate forms for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: implications for multiple sclerosis clinical trials

Benedict, Ralph H. B.; Smerbeck, Audrey M.; Parikh, Rajavi S.; Rodgers, Jonathan D.; Cadavid, Diego; Erlanger, David

doi:10.1177/1352458511435717

Cited by 111 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…We used the SDMT alternate forms created by Benedict and al . 11 These two forms are equivalent to the original version and provide good test-retest reliability. Alternate form one was used for the assessment and alternate form two was used for the retest session.…”

Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in Greek population with multiple sclerosis

Polychroniadou

Bakirtzis

Langdon

et al. 2016

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

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Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in Greek population with multiple sclerosis

Polychroniadou

Bakirtzis

Langdon

et al. 2016

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

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“…The variable of interest was the total number of correct answers given in 90 seconds. Equivalent alternate forms were used for this study (Benedict et al, 2012).…”

Section: Processing Speed/attention Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing speed and working memory training in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study

Hancock

Bruce

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Between 40-65% of multiple sclerosis patients experience cognitive deficits, with processing speed and working memory most commonly affected. This pilot study investigated the effect of computerized cognitive training focused on improving processing speed and working memory. Participants were randomized into either an active or a sham training group and engaged in six weeks of training. The active training group improved on a measure of processing speed and attention following cognitive training, and data trended toward significance on measures of other domains. Results provide preliminary evidence that cognitive training with multiple sclerosis patients may produce moderate improvement in select areas of cognitive functioning.

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“…29 It can be administered in children as young as 8 years, is brief (90 seconds), and has alternate forms for repeat testing. 30 When consecutively administered to patients with POMS in an outpatient center, 31 in a sample of 31 cases, the SDMT showed 77% sensitivity and 81% specificity for detecting neuropsychological impairment and had 100% sensitivity when administered twice in less than 2 months.…”

Section: Mri Correlates Of Cognitive Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric multiple sclerosis

et al. 2016

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In comparison with the large body of evidence on cognitive functioning in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS), there is limited information on cognition in pediatric-onset MS (POMS). Unique vulnerabilities in POMS can derive from having a disease that occurs during key periods of ageexpected brain growth, active myelination in the CNS, and maturation of neural networks during the learning curve and key formative years in the academic career of the patient. Therefore, the consequences of MS on developing cognitive faculties can be assessed only in the pediatric population and cannot be simply extrapolated from studies carried on in the adult population. Until the last decade, research in the pediatric population was mainly represented by small clinical series, often limited by the narrow scope of neuropsychological assessment and lack of adequate control groups. Over the last decade, however, cognitive functioning and mood-related difficulties have become an increasing concern as awareness of this population has grown. A few specialized MS centers have begun performing more systematic research in the field in order to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairments and mood-related difficulties in patients with POMS, to better characterize the neuropsychological pattern and determine the functional consequences of these problems. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of cognitive and moodrelated difficulties in POMS and highlights perceived gaps in knowledge and priorities for future research. Neurology ® 2016;87 (Suppl 2):S82-S87 GLOSSARY BNBC 5 Brief Neuropsychological Battery for Children; CIS 5 clinically isolated syndrome; CL 5 cortical lesions; EDSS 5 Expanded Disability Status Scale; FC 5 functional connectivity; fMRI 5 functional MRI; GM 5 gray matter; MS 5 multiple sclerosis; POMS 5 pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis; SDMT 5 Symbol Digit Modalities Test; WM 5 white matter.Patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) may be particularly vulnerable to inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). 1The concurrence of these changes with myelination in the developing CNS that can go on through the third decade of life can damage networks involved in cognition.2 Research suggests loss of myelin in POMS can adversely affect cognition and academic skills.2,3 Whether brain plasticity and compensatory abilities can mitigate against disease-related pathologic changes remains unclear: answers will ultimately emerge through careful long-term studies of cognitive outcomes in POMS.PREVALENCE, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE, AND CLINICAL CORRELATES Across differing test batteries and definitions of cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment is consistently reported in approximately one-third of patients with POMS (table 1). In interpreting different thresholds used to classify cognitive impairment, it is useful to note that the 5th percentile equates to 1.67 SD.In a US study of 37 POMS cases, 4 35.1% of the patients showed cognitive impairment, defined ...

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Reliability and equivalence of alternate forms for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: implications for multiple sclerosis clinical trials

Abstract: For the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes.

Cited by 111 publications

References 48 publications

Validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in Greek population with multiple sclerosis

Validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in Greek population with multiple sclerosis

Processing speed and working memory training in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study

Pediatric multiple sclerosis

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