Release of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances from baby bottle teats and rubber kitchen tools in Korea

Abstract

Ensuring the safety of baby bottle teats and kitchen tools made from rubber is critical. Therefore, the migration of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances from 30 teats and 45 kitchen tools to artificial saliva was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated by assessing the limits of detection (0.46-3.87 lg/kg), limits of quantification (1.38-11.73 lg/kg), and recoveries (86.3-108.6%) of seven compounds. Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopiperidine, and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) migrated from baby bottle teats at concentrations of not detected (ND) to 3.67 lg/kg. NDMA and NMOR concentrations ranged from ND to 1.72 lg/kg after migration from 45 rubber kitchen tools. N-nitrosatable substances ranged from ND to 42.16 lg/kg after migration from baby bottle teats but did not migrate from rubber kitchen tools. All tested products were considered safe for use, as N-nitrosamine and N-nitrosatable substance levels did not exceed the permitted management specifications.Keywords N-nitrosamines Á N-nitrosatable substances Á Baby bottle teat Á Rubber kitchen tool Á LC-MS/MS

Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment

“…In the case of the rubber samples, trace amounts of NDMA, NDBA, NPIP, NMOR, NDPhA, and NMEA were detected in previous studies [19,22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34], and similar levels were detected in our study. For NDEA, the monitoring results of this study were relatively higher than those of previous studies.…”

“…Our monitoring data were compared with the previous studies (Table 6). A total of nine previous studies were compared [19,22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The concentration ranges and average concentrations of nitrosamines reported in previous studies were compared, and if the average detection concentrations were not given, the average of the maximum and minimum detection values was used for comparison.…”

“…The column temperature was set to 40 • C, and formic acid suitable for the positive mode was applied as solvent A of the mobile phase. In the case of solvent B, acetonitrile, which was the most widely used solvent in previous studies, was applied [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. By comparing the concentration gradient conditions by testing various A:B ratios, the conditions of the standard test method of Korea were applied [6].…”

“…After selecting the best-performing analysis method, the nitrosamines eluted from rubber products and the TPE, TPU, and PU products with similar characteristics to rubber products that are sold in Korea were monitored. We compared our results with those of previous studies [19,22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] to verify the feasibility of the selected method. Finally, based on the monitoring results, we conducted a health risk assessment for the oral exposure to the nine nitrosamines eluted from synthetic resins.…”

“…Indeed, previous studies, as well as Korean guidelines, have successfully analyzed nitrosamines in various types of matrices (medicines, nipples, condoms, water, etc.) using LC-MS/MS [18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”