Relative density correlations are not reliable criteria

Hamidi, Babak; Varaksin, Serge; Nikraz, Hamid

doi:10.1680/grim.11.00016

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Relative density D R is a key parameter controlling the cyclic strength and strain accumulation of sand-like soils and one of the primary input parameters of PM4Sand. This parameter has been estimated using CPT-based correlations, whose uncertainties have been studied (e.g., Jamiolkowski et al 2003;Hamidi et al 2013).…”

Section: Effect Of Relative Density (D R )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction and Cyclic Softening at Balboa Boulevard during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

Pretell

Ziotopoulou

Davis³

2021

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.

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The seismic performance of Balboa Boulevard during the 1994 M W 6.7 Northridge earthquake was examined through nonlinear deformation analyses (NDAs) using advanced tools to (1) investigate the failure mechanism leading to ground deformations at this site; (2) evaluate the accuracy of the adopted analysis methods, engineering procedures, and state-of-the-art tools to reasonably estimate horizontal ground displacements; and (3) identify key factors and parameters contributing to earthquake-induced ground deformations at this site. One-dimensional (1D) liquefaction vulnerability indexes (LVIs) and permanent displacements using Newmark sliding block analyses were also estimated and compared against ground deformations observed after the earthquake. The geotechnical characterization of Balboa Boulevard was assessed based on field and laboratory data obtained from two investigation campaigns. Transitional probability geostatistics were used to develop stratigraphic models that capture the heterogeneity and the spatial variability patterns of sand-like and clay-like soils present at this site. The stratigraphic models were implemented in the finite difference software FLAC and the behavior of sand-like and clay-like soils simulated using the PM4Sand and PM4Silt constitutive models, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were performed to address uncertainties associated with the spatial variability of soils, input ground motions, the proportion of sand-like and clay-like soils within the soil deposit, and the strength properties of these materials. Results from NDAs suggest that a compounded effect of both liquefaction of sand-like soils and cyclic softening of clay-like soils led to the excessive ground deformations at Balboa Boulevard. This study sheds light on the importance of using appropriate engineering procedures and numerical modeling protocols in the prediction of deformation patterns, the selection of key input parameters, as well as the applicability of LVIs in complex sites.

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Section: Effect Of Relative Density (D R )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction and Cyclic Softening at Balboa Boulevard during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

Pretell

Ziotopoulou

Davis³

2021

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.

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“…There is a considerable amount of study to indicate the unreliability of this description due to its fallibility. Hamidi et al (2013) emphasized that there is great inaccuracy associated with relative density correlations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The settlement behavior of granular soils under vertical loading using the histogram equalization method

Erenson

2022

JER is an international, peer-reviewed journal that publishes f

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Settlement characteristics of soils are an important phenomenon in terms of bearing capacity and failure behavior. Within this context, the relative density value is a significant factor but its correlations are insufficient to provide precise results under exceptional conditions. The main aim of this study is to determine, for each soil type, the parameters that affect the settlement behavior of granular soils. Soil samples belonging to different granular soil classes were placed in transparent boxes and monitored. Then, behaviors were determined using the Histogram Equalization Method (HEM) performed on the images and loading tests. As a result, it was observed that relative density was the most effective factor for settlement behavior in sandy soils. Also, well-grading criteria was the most important factor for gravelly soils in their settlement behavior. In the well-graded soil samples in a dense condition, the pixel numbers in the image were found to be approximately 2 times higher than in the loose soils. On the other hand, the maximum pixel number for loose conditions in poor-graded soil samples was determined between 1.02 and 1.17 times greater compared to the dense soils. Consequently, the outputs obtained from the HEM agreed with the experiments.

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A hybrid numerical–probabilistic approach for machine learning-based prediction of liquefaction-induced settlement using CPT data

Gupta

Ramana

Elgamal³

2023

Arab J Geosci

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Relative density correlations are not reliable criteria

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Liquefaction and Cyclic Softening at Balboa Boulevard during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

Liquefaction and Cyclic Softening at Balboa Boulevard during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

The settlement behavior of granular soils under vertical loading using the histogram equalization method

A hybrid numerical–probabilistic approach for machine learning-based prediction of liquefaction-induced settlement using CPT data

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