Relative contribution of reproductive investment, thermal stress and Vibrio infection to summer mortality phenomena in Pacific oysters

Wendling, Carolin Charlotte; Wegner, K. Mathias

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.07.009

Cited by 92 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The effects of temperature on Vibrio spp. virulence have also been demonstrated experimentally (Kushmaro et al, 1998;Wendling and Wegner, 2013), making this group a suitable candidate for experimentally exploring temperature-dependent host-pathogen interactions in the marine environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Temperature stress, on the other hand, severely compromised host defenses (Malham et al, 2009), illustrating the need to examine temperature effects in broader context of animal condition and history. Mortalities observed in wild populations of marine poikilotherms are often due to complex interplay of multiple stressors, such as in the well-documented case of oyster summer mortalities, (for example, Samain et al, 2007;Wendling and Wegner, 2013) or Vibrio harveyi infection in abalones (Travers et al, 2008). Controlled experiments are therefore the only way to assess the importance and relative contributions of individual factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hemolymph microbiome of Pacific oysters in response to temperature, temperature stress and infection

2014

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Microbiota provide their hosts with a range of beneficial services, including defense from external pathogens. However, host-associated microbial communities themselves can act as a source of opportunistic pathogens depending on the environment. Marine poikilotherms and their microbiota are strongly influenced by temperature, but experimental studies exploring how temperature affects the interactions between both parties are rare. To assess the effects of temperature, temperature stress and infection on diversity, composition and dynamics of the hemolymph microbiota of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), we conducted an experiment in a fully-crossed, three-factorial design, in which the temperature acclimated oysters (8 or 22 1C) were exposed to temperature stress and to experimental challenge with a virulent Vibrio sp. strain. We monitored oyster survival and repeatedly collected hemolymph of dead and alive animals to determine the microbiome composition by 16s rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing. We found that the microbial dynamics and composition of communities in healthy animals (including infection survivors) were significantly affected by temperature and temperature stress, but not by infection. The response was mediated by changes in the incidence and abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and accompanied by little change at higher taxonomic levels, indicating dynamic stability of the hemolymph microbiome. Dead and moribund oysters, on the contrary, displayed signs of community structure disruption, characterized by very low diversity and proliferation of few OTUs. We can therefore link short-term responses of host-associated microbial communities to abiotic and biotic factors and assess the potential feedback between microbiota dynamics and host survival during disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemolymph microbiome of Pacific oysters in response to temperature, temperature stress and infection

2014

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“…Treatments followed the infection protocols described in Wendling & Wegner [29]. Briefly, we injected 10 8 cells of bacterial culture or an equal volume of nutrient solution 1.5% NaCl with a syringe into the adductor muscle through the predrilled hole.…”

Section: (I) Adult Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to enemy shifts: rapid resistance evolution to local Vibrio spp. in invasive Pacific oysters

Wendling

Wegner

2015

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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One hypothesis for the success of invasive species is reduced pathogen burden, resulting from a release from infections or high immunological fitness of invaders. Despite strong selection exerted on the host, the evolutionary response of invaders to newly acquired pathogens has rarely been considered. The two independent and genetically distinct invasions of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas into the North Sea represent an ideal model system to study fast evolutionary responses of invasive populations. By exposing both invasion sources to ubiquitous and phylogenetically diverse pathogens (Vibrio spp.), we demonstrate that within a few generations hosts adapted to newly encountered pathogen communities. However, local adaptation only became apparent in selective environments, i.e. at elevated temperatures reflecting patterns of disease outbreaks in natural populations. Resistance against sympatric and allopatric Vibrio spp. strains was dominantly inherited in crosses between both invasion sources, resulting in an overall higher resistance of admixed individuals than pure lines. Therefore, we suggest that a simple genetic resistance mechanism of the host is matched to a common virulence mechanism shared by local Vibrio strains. This combination might have facilitated a fast evolutionary response that can explain another dimension of why invasive species can be so successful in newly invaded ranges.

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“…A prominent example for strong selection by opportunistic parasites are mass mortalities of invasive Pacific oysters (C. gigas) that are associated with bacterial infections of native Vibrio spp. (Lacoste et al, 2001;Wendling and Wegner, 2013). The rapid evolution of resistance against a wide variety of Vibrio bacteria within only a few generations in two independent invasions of Pacific oysters into the Wadden Sea, illustrates the rapid evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite co-evolution during species invasions (Moehler et al, 2011;Wendling and Wegner, 2015).…”

Section: Evolutionary Implications Of Parasite and Host Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites and marine invasions: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives

Goedknegt

Feis

Wegner

et al. 2016

Journal of Sea Research

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120

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oWorldwide, marine and coastal ecosystems are heavily invaded by introduced species and the potential role of parasites in the success and impact of marine invasions has been increasingly recognized. In this review, we link recent theoretical developments in invasion ecology with empirical studies from marine ecosystems in order to provide a conceptual framework for studying the role of parasites and their hosts in marine invasions. Based on an extensive literature search, we identified six mechanisms in which invaders directly or indirectly affect parasite and host populations and communities: I) invaders can lose some or all of their parasites during the invasion process (parasite release or reduction), often causing a competitive advantage over native species; II) invaders can also act as a host for native parasites, which may indirectly amplify the parasite load of native hosts (parasite spillback); III) invaders can also be parasites themselves and be introduced without needing co-introduction of the host (introduction of free-living infective stages); IV) alternatively, parasites may be introduced together with their hosts (parasite co-introduction with host); V) consequently, these co-introduced parasites can sometimes also infect native hosts (parasite spillover); and VI) invasive species may be neither a host nor a parasite, but nevertheless affect native parasite host interactions by interfering with parasite transmission (transmission interference). We discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of each of these mechanisms and generally note several substantial effects on natural communities and ecosystems via i) mass mortalities of native populations creating strong selection gradients, ii) indirect changes in species interactions within communities and iii) trophic cascading and knock-on effects in food webs that may affect ecosystem function and services. Our review demonstrates a wide range of ecological and evolutionary implications of marine invasions for parasite-host interactions and suggests that parasite-mediated impacts should be integrated in assessing the risks and consequences of biological invasions.

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Relative contribution of reproductive investment, thermal stress and Vibrio infection to summer mortality phenomena in Pacific oysters

Cited by 92 publications

References 56 publications

Hemolymph microbiome of Pacific oysters in response to temperature, temperature stress and infection

Hemolymph microbiome of Pacific oysters in response to temperature, temperature stress and infection

Adaptation to enemy shifts: rapid resistance evolution to local Vibrio spp. in invasive Pacific oysters

Parasites and marine invasions: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives

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