Relationships between chewing behavior, digestibility, and digesta passage kinetics in steers fed oat hay at restricted and ad libitum intakes1

Dias, R. S.; Patiño, Harold Ospina; López, Secundino; Prates, Ênio Rosa; Swanson, K. C.

doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3156

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The observed depressions in the DM and CP digestibility as the level of intake decreased were observed in ruminant species in a previous study (Dias et al, 2011). However, in a meta-analysis published by Huhtanen et al (2009), it was shown that the effect of the feeding level on digestibility is not always consistent; it depends on the dietary chemical and physical characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The literature has reported variations in nitrogen excretion in feces (Blaxter and Mitchell, 1948;Lobley et al, 2000;Kiran and Mutsvangwa, 2007;Huhtanen et al, 2009;Dias et al, 2011) and urine (Kiran and Mutsvangwa, 2007;Bohnert et al, 2011;Ghassemi Nejad et al, 2014) due to dietary changes and environmental conditions. The circumstances causing this phenomenon are poorly understood (O'Brien et al, 2010;Bernabucci et al, 2010;Mahjoubi et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

et al. 2015

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-The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements for the growth of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats weighing 30 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) and to compare estimates of the protein requirements for maintenance (NP m ) by the comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance techniques. To determine the maintenance requirements, 55 goats were assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (three sexes and three dry matter intake (DMI) levels). A linear regression of retained N (as measured by the slaughter technique and estimated from the nitrogen balance) on N intake on a daily basis was used to calculate the net protein for maintenance. The net protein requirement for weight gain (NP g ) was obtained using 65 goats fed ad libitum in a completely randomized design. The first derivative of the allometric equation of protein content in the empty BW with respect to the empty BW yielded estimates of the NP g . According to the comparative slaughter technique, the estimated NP m was 1.46 g/kg of metabolic weight, which is 50% lower than the estimate from the nitrogen balance technique. When evaluating the variance of the error, the nitrogen balance also showed greater values, indicating less precision compared with that of the comparative slaughter technique. The daily NP g ranged from 155.7±10.9 to 153.4±13.5 g/kg of EBW gain for growing Saanen goats. The protein requirements (NP m and NP g ) of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats are similar, from 30 to 45 kg BW, in accordance with current feeding systems. Moreover, the results of the present study indicate that the estimate of NP m using the comparative slaughter technique is more precise and lower than that using the N balance technique.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

et al. 2015

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“…Previous studies assessing effect of different restricted feeding levels on digestibility (Colucci et al, 1981;Okine and Mathison, 1991;Dias et al, 2011) found that OM and NDF digestibility decreased with increasing DM intake. The increased apparent total tract digestibility of OM, NDF and DNDF with reduced feeding level found in this experiment agrees with this, although the feeding level only tended to affect NDF digestibility.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of feeding level and NDF content of grass-clover silages on chewing activity, fecal particle size and NDF digestibility in dairy heifers

Schulze

Weisbjerg

Nørgaard

2014

Animal

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The objective of this study was to assess effects of feed intake and NDF content of highly digestible grass-clover silage on chewing behavior, fecal particle size distribution and apparent digestibility in restrictively fed heifers. Four grass-clover silages (Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) were harvested in 2009 at different regrowth stages, resulting in silages with NDF contents of 312, 360, 371 and 446 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. Four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers (343 ± 32 kg BW) were fed silage at 90% of ad libitum levels in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, replicated with further restricted feeding levels (50%, 60%, 70% or 80% of ad libitum) in a balanced 4 × 4 × 4 Greco-Latin square design. Eating activity was estimated from test meal observations, while rumination activity was estimated from jaw movements logged by a jaw recorder system. Total tract digestibility was estimated from chromic oxide marker and fecal spot sampling, and fecal particle size distribution in washed and freeze-dried particulate DM was determined by dry sieving (2.36, 1.0, 0.5, 0.212 and 0.106 mm, and bottom bowl). Higher NDF content of silage stimulated longer eating time per kg DM intake (P < 0.001), while reduced feeding level caused a reduction in eating time per kg DM intake (P < 0.001) and NDF (P < 0.001). Rumination time per kg DM intake (P < 0.01) increased with reduced feeding level, with less effect of feeding level at lower NDF contents (P < 0.01) and more rumination with greater NDF content (P < 0.01). Relative to NDF intake, rumination time increased with greater NDF content (P < 0.01), at a higher rate with reduced feeding level (P < 0.05). Digestibility of potentially digestible NDF (DNDF) decreased with greater NDF content (P < 0.001) and increased with reduced feeding level (P < 0.05). Increasing NDF content resulted in more particulate DM in feces (g/kg DM; P < 0.05) and larger mean particle size (P < 0.001). In conclusion, feeding heifers with grass-clover silages of decreasing NDF content increased chewing time relative to NDF intake, reduced mean fecal particle size, and increased DNDF digestibility. Restricting feeding level made heifers eat for a shorter time period while rumination and total chewing was increased, causing the ratio between eating and rumination time to decrease with lower intake of forage fiber. Particle size reduction and digestibility depended mostly on changes in NDF content, especially the indigestible NDF content.Keywords: particle size distribution, grass-clover silage, cow, NDF, chewing activity ImplicationsIn ruminant nutrition, intake of forage NDF is considered the major driver for eating and ruminating activity, but this study clearly demonstrated additional effects of forage intake level and content of indigestible NDF. Furthermore, results from this study showed that the ratio between eating and rumination time decreases with lower intake of forage NDF. Such information may contribute to improvement of feed evaluation systems and hence the formulat...

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“…This variable is a result of the sum of the feeding and rumination times, and it is extremely important to reduce the particle size of the feed, which makes soluble nutrients available for microbial colonization and fermentation (Restle et al, 2009;Dias et al, 2011). In this study, the variation observed in feeding time was not large enough to cause a significant alteration in chewing time per day, which remained constant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…According to Degasperi et al (2003), rumination is a reflex performed by the animal trough mechanical stimuli that are related to the type of diet (fiber content) and the quantity ingested and it happens as a way to reduce the size of the feed particle (Fischer et al, 2002;Dias et al, 2011), and also allows greater production and inoculation of bicarbonate in the digesta, which makes it possible to buffer the ruminal environment (Bailey and Balch, 1961;Michael, 1997). According to Sudweeks et al (1975), reduction of the particle size by grinding reduces the time spent chewing and ruminating, but Beauchemin et al (1994) stated that the way in which the feed is supplied (restricted or ad libitum) may influence the chewing time during ingestion, and consequently change the total time used for rumination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding behavior of crossbred steers fed diets containing babassu mesocarp meal and corn in kernels or ground

et al. 2014

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-The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the use of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) and corn in different physical forms on the feeding behavior of crossbred young bulls of a dairy breed. Twenty-four crossbred (Nellore vs. Holstein) steers (307.35 kg) were fed four experimental diets containing two levels of inclusion of the babassu mesocarp meal (0 and 412.4 g/kg) and corn in two physical forms (kernels or ground) for 98 days. Data was collected on three days during the finishing phase, with observations every five minutes, for 24 hours. When the activities performed by the animals were evaluated as a function of the period of the day, the physical form of the corn showed interaction with the BMM inclusion level on the time spent feeding and on other activities. When the activities were evaluated over the day, the defecation frequency was affected and decreased as BMM was included. The feeding time was longer at the moments that followed feed supply, whereas the time used for other activities increased during the morning period, regardless of the diet utilized. Rumination and idle times were affected by the period of the day and remained high during the night and morning periods. There was increase in feeding time and dry matter rumination efficiencies and neutral detergent fiber as BMM was added to the diet. The number of rumination chews per bolus, however, decreased as BMB was included. Inclusion of babassu mesocarp meal increases the animal feeding time but the physical form of corn does not change its feeding behavior.

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Relationships between chewing behavior, digestibility, and digesta passage kinetics in steers fed oat hay at restricted and ad libitum intakes1

Cited by 33 publications

References 35 publications

Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

Effects of feeding level and NDF content of grass-clover silages on chewing activity, fecal particle size and NDF digestibility in dairy heifers

Feeding behavior of crossbred steers fed diets containing babassu mesocarp meal and corn in kernels or ground

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