Relations between dietary choline or lecithin intake, serum choline levels, and various metabolic indices

Hirsch, Madelyn J.; Growdon, John H.; Wurtman, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(78)90139-7

Cited by 92 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We therefore quantified DMG by (11,12,15,(21)(22)(23). There is one report on higher plasma DMG in the range 4 -13 mol/L, but this result was based on an assay with a detection limit of 2 mol/L (19 ).…”

Section: Clinical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Choline, Betaine, and Dimethylglycine in Plasma by a High-Throughput Method Based on Normal-Phase Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Holm¹,

Ueland²,

Kvalheim³

et al. 2003

Clinical Chemistry

289

186

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Background:The quaternary ammonium compounds, choline and betaine, and dimethylglycine (DMG) reside along a metabolic pathway linked to the synthesis of neurotransmitters and membrane phospholipids and to homocysteine remethylation and, therefore, folate status. Lack of a convenient, high-throughput method for the determination of these compounds has prevented population-based studies of their possible associations with lifestyle, nutrition, and chronic diseases. Methods: Serum or plasma samples were deproteinized by mixing with three volumes of acetonitrile that contained d 9 -choline and d 9 -betaine as internal standards. We used a normal-phase silica column for the separation of choline (retention time, 2.8 min), betaine (1.3 min), DMG (1.15 min), and internal standards, which were detected as positive ions by tandem mass spectroscopy in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode, using the molecular transitions m/z 104360 (choline), m/z 113369 (d 9 -choline), m/z 118359 (betaine), m/z 127368 (d 9 -betaine), and m/z 104358 (DMG). Results: For all three metabolites, the assay was linear in the range 0.4 -400 mol/L, and the lower limit of the detection (signal-to-noise ratio ‫؍‬ 5) was <0.3 mol/L. The within-and between-day imprecision (CVs) was 2.1-7.2% and 3.5-8.8%, respectively. The analytical recovery was 87-105%. The fasting plasma concentrations (median, 25th-75th percentiles) were 8.0 (7.0 -9.3) mol/L for choline, 31.7 (27.0 -41.1) mol/L for betaine, and 1.66 (1.30 -2.02) mol/L for DMG in 60 healthy blood donors. In individuals who had eaten a light breakfast, plasma concentrations of all three metabolites

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Section: Clinical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A diet low in choline has no effect on plasma concentrations (24 ). Marked increases (two-to fourfold increase) have been reported after the intake of a diet with high choline content or supplemented with lecithin (21,24 ), whereas fasting (23 ) or a choline-deficient diet (25 ) cause a moderate (30%) reduction in plasma choline.…”

Section: Clinical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Choline, Betaine, and Dimethylglycine in Plasma by a High-Throughput Method Based on Normal-Phase Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Holm¹,

Ueland²,

Kvalheim³

et al. 2003

Clinical Chemistry

289

186

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“…www.learnmem.org Wurtman 1976; Hirsh et al 1978), which can occur immediately upon CDP-choline intake. Rather, we propose that it may be an increase in brain phosphatides that is responsible for the beneficial mnemonic effects of long-term CDP-choline.…”

Section: Learning and Memory 41mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary CDP-choline supplementation prevents memory impairment caused by impoverished environmental conditions in rats

Teather¹,

Wurtman²

2005

Learn. Mem.

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We previously showed that dietary cytidine (5Ј)-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) supplementation could protect against the development of memory deficits in aging rats. In the present study, younger rats exposed to impoverished environmental conditions and manifesting hippocampal-dependent memory impairments similar to those observed in the aging rodents were given CDP-choline, and its effects on this cognitive deficit were assessed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats reared for 3 mo in impoverished (IC) or enriched environmental (EC) conditions concurrently received either a control diet or a diet supplemented with CDP-choline (∼500 mg/kg/d). After 3 mo, rats were trained to perform spatial and cued versions of the Morris water maze, and their rates of acquisition and retention were compared. Impoverished rats exhibited a selective deficit in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory which could be ameliorated by feeding them CDP-choline. The CDP-choline had no memory-enhancing effect in enriched rats, nor did it prevent the memory impairment of impoverished rats if the animals consumed it for the initial or final months instead of for the entire 3-mo period. These findings indicate that long-term dietary CDP-choline supplementation can ameliorate the hippocampal-dependent memory impairment caused by impoverished environmental conditions in rats, and suggest that its actions result, in part, from a long-term effect such as enhanced membrane phosphatide synthesis, an effect shown to require long-term dietary supplementation with CDP-choline.The environmental conditions under which rats are reared can affect subsequent cognitive performance (Hebb 1949), especially forms of cognition that depend on the hippocampus (e.g., Juraska and Muller 1984;Kempermann et al. 1997;Duffy et al. 2001;Teather et al. 2002). Interestingly, advanced age is associated with a similar decline in hippocampal-dependent memory capacities in humans (e.g., Craik 1990; Albert 1993) and certain animals (e.g., Barnes et al. 1980;Gage et al. 1988;Gallagher et al. 1993). In rats, both aging (e.g., Rapp et al. 1987;Gallagher and Pelleymounter 1988;Teather and Wurtman 2003) and impoverished conditions (Teather et al. 2002) result in spatial learning and memory deficits. Hippocampal function is requisite for proper spatial memory processing (Morris et al. 1982;Teather 1997, 1998). Neither aging (Teather et al. 2002) nor impoverished environmental conditions (Teather and Wurtman 2003) compromise procedural memory, perhaps because procedural memory (also known as habit or stimulus-response memory) is independent of hippocampal function (Packard et al. 1989;Teather 1997, 1998).In a recent study we observed that, compared with young rats, aging rats (i.e., 18-mo-old) had difficulty mastering a hippocampal-dependent spatial task, and that long-term dietary supplementation with (5Ј)-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) prevented this memory impairment (Teather and Wurtman 2003). Inasmuch as the cognitive dysfunctions manifested by aged rats and rats exposed to impoverished envi...

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“…At all times these concentrations are influenced by the fluxes of choline to and from peripheral organs (where the base is utilized for PC synthesis, among other things). Postprandially, while cholinecontaining food is being digested and absorbed, the plasma receives additional quantities of choline sufficient to elevate its choline concentration by several times (55). For such elevations to affect the amounts of choline actually available for acetylation in brain neurons, they must first increase the choline concentration in the brain's extracellular fluid.…”

Section: Factors Supplying Choline To the Brain Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline and Cholinergic Neurons

Blusztajn

Wurtman

1983

Science

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415

151

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Mammalian neurons can synthesize choline by methylating phosphatidylethanolamine and hydrolyzing the resulting phosphatidylcholine. This process is stimulated by catecholamines. The phosphatidylethanolamine is synthesized in part from phosphatidylserine; hence the amino acids methionine (acting after conversion to S-adenosylmethionine) and serine can be the ultimate precursors of choline. Brain choline concentrations are generally higher than plasma concentrations, but depend on plasma concentrations because of the kinetic characteristics of the blood-brain-barrier transport system. When cholinergic neurons are activated, acetylcholine release can be enhanced by treatments that increase plasma choline (for example, consumption of certain foods).

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Relations between dietary choline or lecithin intake, serum choline levels, and various metabolic indices

Cited by 92 publications

References 26 publications

Determination of Choline, Betaine, and Dimethylglycine in Plasma by a High-Throughput Method Based on Normal-Phase Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Determination of Choline, Betaine, and Dimethylglycine in Plasma by a High-Throughput Method Based on Normal-Phase Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Dietary CDP-choline supplementation prevents memory impairment caused by impoverished environmental conditions in rats

Choline and Cholinergic Neurons

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