Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness.

Abstract

Ss in 2 studies were asked to report on 32 emotional states. Ss were asked to remember instances of experiencing these states and, for each experience, to fill out a questionnaire on appraisal dimensions and action readiness modes. Appraisal patterns as well as patterns of action readiness show distinct relations to various emotion categories, or names; the contributions of both kinds of components to emotion distinction are in part independent and additive. Multiple correlations, predicting action readiness scores from appraisal scores, demonstrated significant relations between particular modes of action readiness and particular appraisal patterns. The results of these studies are interpreted as providing support for the view that emotions can be regarded both as experiences of forms of appraisal and as states of action readiness. Emotions can profitably be analyzed in terms of sets of components, in which action readiness components take an important share.We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Maison des Sciences de I 'Homme, Paris, in the preparation of this research. We also are grateful to Craig Smith, Pbil Shaver, Nanne van der Poll, Adri van de Wurif, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful criticisms of an earlier version of this article.Elisabeth ter Schure is now at Boston College.

Gender differences in empathy, compassion, and prosocial donations, but not theory of mind in a naturalistic social task

“…Finally, at the level of the full sample, we observed no significant correlation with ToM and factual reasoning accuracy or RTs. This finding is consistent with the previous observations that affective states represent a more immediate activator of behavioural response than cognitive processes 60 . However, in addition to these findings at the level of the full sample, we also observed gender differences in the linear correlations between prosocial donations and ToM accuracy, with women showing a significant positive correlation and men a significant negative correlation (see Table 1).…”

Gender differences in empathy, compassion, and prosocial donations, but not theory of mind in a naturalistic social task

“…Finally, at the level of the full sample, we observed no significant correlation with ToM and factual reasoning accuracy or RTs. This finding is consistent with the previous observations that affective states represent a more immediate activator of behavioural response than cognitive processes 60 . However, in addition to these findings at the level of the full sample, we also observed gender differences in the linear correlations between prosocial donations and ToM accuracy, with women showing a significant positive correlation and men a significant negative correlation (see Table 1).…”

Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria.

“…Most notable in our results was the fact that anger at the outgroup and positive group emotions proved the most powerful predictors across all categories of action tendencies. The fact that anger at the outgroup predicts the desire to engage in confrontational behavior is expected from standard emotion-action theory and previous results (Frijda et al, 1989;Mackie et al, 2000). The relation of anger at the outgroup to tendencies to support and affiliate with the ingroup is also consistent with previous findings (Kessler & Hollbach, 2005) showing that this group emotion tends to increase ingroup identification.…”

When others control risks: Others‐focused coping with risks from energy projects

“…Consequence‐based emotions might lead to emotion‐focused coping when such emotions stem from the appraisal of uncertainty (Lerner & Keltner, 2000, 2001). These results are in line with some previous studies that suggest that fear, a consequence‐based emotion, lead to emotion‐focused coping, such as running away (Frijda, 1986, Frijda et al., 1989; Roseman et al., 1994). This offers a new direction for future research, namely to examine under which conditions consequence‐based emotions lead to either problem‐ or emotion‐focused coping, and the role of cognitive appraisals in this process.…”

Gender differences in empathy, compassion, and prosocial donations, but not theory of mind in a naturalistic social task

“…Finally, at the level of the full sample, we observed no significant correlation with ToM and factual reasoning accuracy or RTs. This finding is consistent with the previous observations that affective states represent a more immediate activator of behavioural response than cognitive processes 60 . However, in addition to these findings at the level of the full sample, we also observed gender differences in the linear correlations between prosocial donations and ToM accuracy, with women showing a significant positive correlation and men a significant negative correlation (see Table 1).…”

Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria.

“…Most notable in our results was the fact that anger at the outgroup and positive group emotions proved the most powerful predictors across all categories of action tendencies. The fact that anger at the outgroup predicts the desire to engage in confrontational behavior is expected from standard emotion-action theory and previous results (Frijda et al, 1989;Mackie et al, 2000). The relation of anger at the outgroup to tendencies to support and affiliate with the ingroup is also consistent with previous findings (Kessler & Hollbach, 2005) showing that this group emotion tends to increase ingroup identification.…”

When others control risks: Others‐focused coping with risks from energy projects

“…Consequence‐based emotions might lead to emotion‐focused coping when such emotions stem from the appraisal of uncertainty (Lerner & Keltner, 2000, 2001). These results are in line with some previous studies that suggest that fear, a consequence‐based emotion, lead to emotion‐focused coping, such as running away (Frijda, 1986, Frijda et al., 1989; Roseman et al., 1994). This offers a new direction for future research, namely to examine under which conditions consequence‐based emotions lead to either problem‐ or emotion‐focused coping, and the role of cognitive appraisals in this process.…”

Gender differences in empathy, compassion, and prosocial donations, but not theory of mind in a naturalistic social task

“…Finally, at the level of the full sample, we observed no significant correlation with ToM and factual reasoning accuracy or RTs. This finding is consistent with the previous observations that affective states represent a more immediate activator of behavioural response than cognitive processes 60 . However, in addition to these findings at the level of the full sample, we also observed gender differences in the linear correlations between prosocial donations and ToM accuracy, with women showing a significant positive correlation and men a significant negative correlation (see Table 1).…”

Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria.

“…Most notable in our results was the fact that anger at the outgroup and positive group emotions proved the most powerful predictors across all categories of action tendencies. The fact that anger at the outgroup predicts the desire to engage in confrontational behavior is expected from standard emotion-action theory and previous results (Frijda et al, 1989;Mackie et al, 2000). The relation of anger at the outgroup to tendencies to support and affiliate with the ingroup is also consistent with previous findings (Kessler & Hollbach, 2005) showing that this group emotion tends to increase ingroup identification.…”

When others control risks: Others‐focused coping with risks from energy projects

“…Consequence‐based emotions might lead to emotion‐focused coping when such emotions stem from the appraisal of uncertainty (Lerner & Keltner, 2000, 2001). These results are in line with some previous studies that suggest that fear, a consequence‐based emotion, lead to emotion‐focused coping, such as running away (Frijda, 1986, Frijda et al., 1989; Roseman et al., 1994). This offers a new direction for future research, namely to examine under which conditions consequence‐based emotions lead to either problem‐ or emotion‐focused coping, and the role of cognitive appraisals in this process.…”