Rehabilitation of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Long COVID: Position Statement

Sacks-Zimmerman, Amanda; Bergquist, Thomas F.; Farr, Ellen M.; Cornwell, Melinda A.; Kanellopoulos, Dora

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.10.001

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Preliminary evidence indicates that brain fog and central fatigue among patients with TBI respond favorably to growth hormone therapy (although brain fog responds more readily than fatigue) [22]. Evidence-based psychological interventions should be considered for those patients who meet the criteria for depressive disorders (e.g., cognitive behavioral and behavioral activation therapies), and other interdisciplinary approaches (e.g., cognitive rehabilitation strategies and aerobic exercise) have been recommended to address the complex biopsychosocial issues that typify PASC [52]. Nevertheless, a thorough assessment is required to determine if, in fact, these patients experience cardinal symptoms required to meet the criteria to diagnose a depressive (or anxiety) disorder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fatigue and Altered Cognition Scale among SARS-CoV-2 Survivors: Psychometric Properties and Item Correlations with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Hsiao,

Elliott,

Jaramillo

et al. 2024

JCM

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Background/Objectives: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Fatigue and Altered Cognition Scale (FACs) among adult COVID-19 survivors and its unique ability to assess symptomology not accounted for by measures of depression and anxiety. Methods: COVID-19 survivors completed an online survey that included the FACs, a measure of brain fog and central fatigue with 20 items rated on a digital–analog scale. Useable data from 559 participants were analyzed to test the two-factor structure of the FACs, test for measurement invariance by sex and device was used to complete the survey (hand-held, computer), and item correlations with symptoms of depression and anxiety were examined. Results: The two-factor structure of the FACs replicated, supporting the separate assessments of brain fog and fatigue, χ2(164) = 1028.363, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.923, RMSEA = 0.097, SRMR = 0.053. The FACs exhibited invariance at the scalar level, indicating item and factor integrity regardless of sex and device type. Using a correlation > 0.70 as a criterion (i.e., indicating more than 50% shared variance between two items), items on the FACs (assessing fatigue and lack of energy) were highly correlated with feeling tired or having little energy on the depression measure. No other items correlated with any anxiety symptom larger than 0.70. Conclusions: The FACs appears to be a psychometrically sound and efficient measure for use with COVID-19 survivors, assessing symptoms of brain fog and central fatigue that are not attributable to symptoms assessed by established measures of depression and anxiety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fatigue and Altered Cognition Scale among SARS-CoV-2 Survivors: Psychometric Properties and Item Correlations with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Hsiao,

Elliott,

Jaramillo

et al. 2024

JCM

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“…For these reasons and as previously discussed, patients should be evaluated for other confounding conditions which may exacerbate cognitive impairment, such as poor sleep, mood disorders, endocrine abnormalities, and autoimmune disorders. While there is no literature in support of rehabilitative therapy for treating 'brain fog' in long COVID, there is a significant evidence base supporting the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for impairments in multiple cognitive domains, including memory, attention, executive functioning, and visual spatial functioning, in conditions similar to long COVID such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome [122,123]. Compensatory and functional strategies implemented during cognitive rehabilitation includes the incorporation of simple functional strategies in day-to-day life that assist in creating habits and routines, reducing brain fog, and improving recall.…”

Section: Brain Fogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidisciplinary Management Strategies for Long COVID: A Narrative Review

Prusinski,

Yan,

Klasova

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of infections to date and has led to a worldwide pandemic. Most patients had a complete recovery from the acute infection, however, a large number of the affected individuals experienced symptoms that persisted more than 3 months after diagnosis. These symptoms most commonly include fatigue, memory difficulties, brain fog, dyspnea, cough, and other less common ones such as headache, chest pain, paresthesias, mood changes, muscle pain, and weakness, skin rashes, and cardiac, endocrine, renal and hepatic manifestations. The treatment of this syndrome remains challenging. A multidisciplinary approach to address combinations of symptoms affecting multiple organ systems has been widely adopted. This narrative review aims to bridge the gap surrounding the broad treatment approaches by providing an overview of multidisciplinary management strategies for the most common long COVID conditions.

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“…Common treatments include antidepressants or anxiolytics to manage depression and anxiety [Tang, 2022]. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may help individuals cope with symptoms and address related psychological distress [Sacks- Zimmerman, 2023]. In addition to these specific treatments, lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise and physical activity, can also contribute to managing post-COVID neuropsychiatric symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotherapy for Post-COVID Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: The Potential of IVIG Treatment

Satnarine

Ahmed

Haq

et al. 2023

jmhs

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This paper explores the neuropsychiatric consequences of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, specifically the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in treating central nervous system (CNS) symptoms associated with COVID-19. The authors searched PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords "IVIG" and "covid-19 neuropsychiatric symptoms" to find five articles, including three case reports, a retrospective study, and a prospective study, that detail the experiences of individuals with persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after contracting COVID-19. The neuropsychiatric symptoms reported in the analyzed studies include sleep disturbance, exhaustion, cognitive decline, anxiety, and others. Common treatments for post-COVID neuropsychiatric symptoms include medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, and lifestyle modifications. IVIG therapy to manage CNS symptoms of COVID-19 has shown mixed results in studies, with some showing positive effects while others remain inconclusive. Further research is needed to understand this therapy's potential benefits and limitations fully.

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Rehabilitation of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Long COVID: Position Statement

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

The Fatigue and Altered Cognition Scale among SARS-CoV-2 Survivors: Psychometric Properties and Item Correlations with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

The Fatigue and Altered Cognition Scale among SARS-CoV-2 Survivors: Psychometric Properties and Item Correlations with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Multidisciplinary Management Strategies for Long COVID: A Narrative Review

Immunotherapy for Post-COVID Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: The Potential of IVIG Treatment

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