Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in Atherosclerosis

Baardman, Jeroen; Lutgens, Esther

doi:10.3390/metabo10070279

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…IL-17-producing CD4+ and IL-17+ γδ + T cells are also detected in the plaques, where they likely support the development of atherosclerosis via the regulation of myeloid cell migration to the aorta and provide plaque stability via TGFβ-dependent mechanisms; however, other studies also suggest a protective role of Th17 cells [ 13 ]. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are detected in the plaques as well and their atheroprotective role is firmly established [ 14 ], whereas the role of Th2 cells remains under debate [ 12 ]. It has been suggested that atherosclerosis-prone conditions may generate various antigens that can potentially activate T cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Role of B Cells in Atherosclerosis

Shelby

Mußbacher

Galkina

2021

Cells

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Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of blood vessels, and both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in its development. The impact of B cells on atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in numerous studies and B cells have been found in close proximity to atherosclerotic plaques in humans and mice. B cells exert both atheroprotective and pro-atherogenic functions, which have been associated with their B cell subset attribution. While B1 cells and marginal zone B cells are considered to protect against atherosclerosis, follicular B cells and innate response activator B cells have been shown to promote atherosclerosis. In this review, we shed light on the role of B cells from a different, functional perspective and focus on the three major B cell functions: antibody production, antigen presentation/T cell interaction, and the release of cytokines. All of these functions have the potential to affect atherosclerosis by multiple ways and are dependent on the cellular milieu and the activation status of the B cell. Moreover, we discuss B cell receptor signaling and the mechanism of B cell activation under atherosclerosis-prone conditions. By summarizing current knowledge of B cells in and beyond atherosclerosis, we are pointing out open questions and enabling new perspectives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Role of B Cells in Atherosclerosis

Shelby

Mußbacher

Galkina

2021

Cells

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“… 21 Additionally, Baardman et al suggested that the low level of T cells and Impaired inhibition effect were related to the progress of atherosclerosis. 22 Together, atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Its progression is closely related to the number and function of lymphocyte subsets, especially T cell subsets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Dyslipidemia

Xu¹,

Li²,

Yi³

et al. 2021

IJGM

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Objective In order to evaluate the effect of dyslipidemia on cellular or humoral immunity in patients, changes in the absolute number of lymphocyte subsets were detected. Methods Flow cytometry was applied to determine the absolute value of lymphocyte subsets: B cell, NK cell, CD4 + T cell including the functional subset (CD4 + CD28 + ), native subset (CD4 + CD45RA + CD62L + ), memory T cell subset (CD4 + CD45RA − ), CD8 + T cell including the functional subset (CD8 + CD28 + ) and activated subsets (CD8 + CD38 + and CD8 + DR + ). The relationship between lymphocyte subsets and hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was analyzed. Results The absolute values of CD19 + B cell, CD3 + T cell, CD4 + Th cell, CD4 + CD28 + cell, naive CD4 + T cell and memory CD4 + T cell in patients with dyslipidemia were markedly higher than those in healthy controls ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference between healthy controls and dyslipidemia patients in other lymphocyte subsets ( P >0.05). The absolute values of CD3 + T cell and naive CD4 + T cell were significantly positively correlated with hypercholesterolemia in peripheral blood (r=0.291 and 0.306, respectively, all P <0.05). There was no significant correlation between hypertriglyceridemia and lymphocyte subsets ( P >0.05). Conclusion Dyslipidemia has potential effects on immune profiles in lymphocytes subsets, and changes in lymphocyte subsets in dyslipidemia patients may lead to immune dysfunction.

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“…other microenvironmental cues, may substantially alter the T reg cells' suppressive phenotype 57,58 . Interestingly, sustained activation of T reg cells by self antigens in an inflammatory environment affects the demethylated region in the Foxp3 locus, downregulating Foxp3 expression and destabilizing T reg cells 59 .…”

Section: Box 2 | Mechanisms Of Immune-cell Accumulation In Healthy Ar...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The why and how of adaptive immune responses in ischemic cardiovascular disease

Mallat

Binder

2022

Nat Cardiovasc Res

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yslipidemia and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels are causally involved in the chronic inflammatory response of the vascular wall 1 . LDL oxidation in the intima and the sterile vascular inflammation associated with it engage adaptive immune responses that profoundly modulate atherosclerosis, from lesion initiation and progression to the occurrence of clinical events 2 (Box 1). Accumulating evidence also implicates adaptive immunity in the response to ischemic heart injury 3 as a modulator of both post-ischemic cardiac remodeling and atherosclerosis progression 4 .Recent studies have provided proof of concept that targeting inflammation may limit the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) events 5,6 . Here, we consider the intimate and complex interactions of the immune system with the heart and the vasculature in health and atherosclerotic disease, with a particular focus on adaptive immune mechanisms and their selective manipulation for patient benefit.

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Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in Atherosclerosis

Cited by 17 publications

References 75 publications

Functional Role of B Cells in Atherosclerosis

Functional Role of B Cells in Atherosclerosis

Investigation of Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Dyslipidemia

The why and how of adaptive immune responses in ischemic cardiovascular disease

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