Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Huntington's Disease and Schizophrenia

Gestational length affects neurocognition in early-onset schizophrenia

“…In one study, found that prenatal infections were associated with impaired executive function in schizophrenia. While previous research has identified strong associations between executive dysfunction and structural and functional deficits in the prefrontal cortex (Goldberg et al, 1990;, both deficits might be affected by gestational exposure to infections. Other research suggests that schizophrenia cases that have been exposed to influenza during gestation have a higher risk of impairments in verbal tasks (Ellman et al, 2009), whereas hypoxia-associated OC were found to be unrelated to language acquisition deficits in the premorbid period .…”

Gestational length affects neurocognition in early-onset schizophrenia

“…In one study, found that prenatal infections were associated with impaired executive function in schizophrenia. While previous research has identified strong associations between executive dysfunction and structural and functional deficits in the prefrontal cortex (Goldberg et al, 1990;, both deficits might be affected by gestational exposure to infections. Other research suggests that schizophrenia cases that have been exposed to influenza during gestation have a higher risk of impairments in verbal tasks (Ellman et al, 2009), whereas hypoxia-associated OC were found to be unrelated to language acquisition deficits in the premorbid period .…”

Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a meta‐analysis of functional imaging studies

“…A current controversy in functional imaging research is whether task‐related hypofrontality in schizophrenia represents an intrinsic functional brain abnormality – in other words a subtle form of biological lesion – or whether it is merely reflects the fact that schizophrenic patients typically perform cognitive tasks more poorly than normal subjects and so activate their frontal lobes to a correspondingly lesser degree (21, 23). Supporting the former possibility, patients with Huntington's disease (127) and Down's syndrome (128) have been found to show greater prefrontal activation than schizophrenic patients while carrying out the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, despite being impaired on the task. In favour of the latter possibility, Frith et al (103) found that when patients and controls were matched for performance by the use of a paced form of verbal fluency task no evidence of hypofrontality was found – although the patients showed impairment on an unpaced form of the task.…”

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory in Huntington's disease: Cross‐sectional data from the IMAGE‐HD study

“…Previous studies have suggested that the anterior insula and the parietal lobe play an inhibitory role in WM [Bunge et al, ; Garavan et al, ; Hester et al, ; McNab and Klingberg, ]. HD‐related hypo‐activation in the parietal lobe has been repeatedly reported [Clark et al, ; Deckel et al, ; Goldberg et al, ; Wolf et al, ]. Wolf et al linked this to WM load in the context of decreased activity in the network including the prefrontal cortex, putamen and cerebellum, which is thought to subserve manipulation of memoranda during WM.…”

Gestational length affects neurocognition in early-onset schizophrenia

“…In one study, found that prenatal infections were associated with impaired executive function in schizophrenia. While previous research has identified strong associations between executive dysfunction and structural and functional deficits in the prefrontal cortex (Goldberg et al, 1990;, both deficits might be affected by gestational exposure to infections. Other research suggests that schizophrenia cases that have been exposed to influenza during gestation have a higher risk of impairments in verbal tasks (Ellman et al, 2009), whereas hypoxia-associated OC were found to be unrelated to language acquisition deficits in the premorbid period .…”

Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a meta‐analysis of functional imaging studies

“…A current controversy in functional imaging research is whether task‐related hypofrontality in schizophrenia represents an intrinsic functional brain abnormality – in other words a subtle form of biological lesion – or whether it is merely reflects the fact that schizophrenic patients typically perform cognitive tasks more poorly than normal subjects and so activate their frontal lobes to a correspondingly lesser degree (21, 23). Supporting the former possibility, patients with Huntington's disease (127) and Down's syndrome (128) have been found to show greater prefrontal activation than schizophrenic patients while carrying out the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, despite being impaired on the task. In favour of the latter possibility, Frith et al (103) found that when patients and controls were matched for performance by the use of a paced form of verbal fluency task no evidence of hypofrontality was found – although the patients showed impairment on an unpaced form of the task.…”

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory in Huntington's disease: Cross‐sectional data from the IMAGE‐HD study

“…Previous studies have suggested that the anterior insula and the parietal lobe play an inhibitory role in WM [Bunge et al, ; Garavan et al, ; Hester et al, ; McNab and Klingberg, ]. HD‐related hypo‐activation in the parietal lobe has been repeatedly reported [Clark et al, ; Deckel et al, ; Goldberg et al, ; Wolf et al, ]. Wolf et al linked this to WM load in the context of decreased activity in the network including the prefrontal cortex, putamen and cerebellum, which is thought to subserve manipulation of memoranda during WM.…”

Gestational length affects neurocognition in early-onset schizophrenia

“…In one study, found that prenatal infections were associated with impaired executive function in schizophrenia. While previous research has identified strong associations between executive dysfunction and structural and functional deficits in the prefrontal cortex (Goldberg et al, 1990;, both deficits might be affected by gestational exposure to infections. Other research suggests that schizophrenia cases that have been exposed to influenza during gestation have a higher risk of impairments in verbal tasks (Ellman et al, 2009), whereas hypoxia-associated OC were found to be unrelated to language acquisition deficits in the premorbid period .…”

Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a meta‐analysis of functional imaging studies

“…A current controversy in functional imaging research is whether task‐related hypofrontality in schizophrenia represents an intrinsic functional brain abnormality – in other words a subtle form of biological lesion – or whether it is merely reflects the fact that schizophrenic patients typically perform cognitive tasks more poorly than normal subjects and so activate their frontal lobes to a correspondingly lesser degree (21, 23). Supporting the former possibility, patients with Huntington's disease (127) and Down's syndrome (128) have been found to show greater prefrontal activation than schizophrenic patients while carrying out the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, despite being impaired on the task. In favour of the latter possibility, Frith et al (103) found that when patients and controls were matched for performance by the use of a paced form of verbal fluency task no evidence of hypofrontality was found – although the patients showed impairment on an unpaced form of the task.…”

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory in Huntington's disease: Cross‐sectional data from the IMAGE‐HD study

“…Previous studies have suggested that the anterior insula and the parietal lobe play an inhibitory role in WM [Bunge et al, ; Garavan et al, ; Hester et al, ; McNab and Klingberg, ]. HD‐related hypo‐activation in the parietal lobe has been repeatedly reported [Clark et al, ; Deckel et al, ; Goldberg et al, ; Wolf et al, ]. Wolf et al linked this to WM load in the context of decreased activity in the network including the prefrontal cortex, putamen and cerebellum, which is thought to subserve manipulation of memoranda during WM.…”