Redundant <i>SCARECROW</i> genes pattern distinct cell layers in roots and leaves of maize

Hughes, Thomas E; Sedelnikova, Olga V.; Wu, Hao; Becraft, Philip W.; Langdale, Jane A.

doi:10.1242/dev.177543

Cited by 34 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…Because BS cell size does not differ substantially between C 3 and C 4 grass species (Figure 4, Danila et al, 2018), reducing the interveinal distance appears to be the most logical path to increase S b in rice. Ideally, this would mean upregulation of gene(s) that would promote insertion of additional veins between existing veins of rice, thus reducing interveinal distance and, at the same time, decreasing the number of M cells between veins (Sedelnikova et al, 2018;Hughes et al, 2019).…”

Section: What Can We Learn From Comparative Leaf Anatomy Between C 3 mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the road to C₄ rice: advances and perspectives

et al. 2019

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Summary The international C4 rice consortium aims to introduce into rice a high capacity photosynthetic mechanism, the C4 pathway, to increase yield. The C4 pathway is characterised by a complex combination of biochemical and anatomical specialisation that ensures high CO2 partial pressure at RuBisCO sites in bundle sheath (BS) cells. Here we report an update of the progress of the C4 rice project. Since its inception in 2008 there has been an exponential growth in synthetic biology and molecular tools. Golden Gate cloning and synthetic promoter systems have facilitated gene building block approaches allowing multiple enzymes and metabolite transporters to be assembled and expressed from single gene constructs. Photosynthetic functionalisation of the BS in rice remains an important step and there has been some success overexpressing transcription factors in the cytokinin signalling network which influence chloroplast volume. The C4 rice project has rejuvenated the research interest in C4 photosynthesis. Comparative anatomical studies now point to critical features essential for the design. So far little attention has been paid to the energetics. C4 photosynthesis has a greater ATP requirement, which is met by increased cyclic electron transport in BS cells. We hypothesise that changes in energy statues may drive this increased capacity for cyclic electron flow without the need for further modification. Although increasing vein density will ultimately be necessary for high efficiency C4 rice, our modelling shows that small amounts of C4 photosynthesis introduced around existing veins could already provide benefits of increased photosynthesis on the road to C4 rice.

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Section: What Can We Learn From Comparative Leaf Anatomy Between C 3 mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the road to C₄ rice: advances and perspectives

et al. 2019

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“…Therefore, the density of stomatal files is the key factor for stomatal density. The grass SHR/SCR is a common module that not only controls vein development and Kranz anatomy in maize (Slewinski et al, 2014;Hughes et al, 2019) but also regulates stomatal development in rice (Kamiya et al, 2003;Schuler et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2019). The deletion of OsSHRs will lead to the decrease of stomatal density in rice (Wu et al, 2019), while the overexpression of ZmSHRs in rice produces additional stomatal files far away from the vein to increase stomatal density (Schuler et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RSD1 Is Essential for Stomatal Patterning and Files in Rice

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Stomatal density is an important factor that determines the efficiency of plant gas exchange and water transpiration. Through forward genetics, we screened a mutant rice stomata developmental defect 1 (rsd1-1) with decreased stomatal density and clustered stomata in rice (Oryza sativa). After the first asymmetric division, some of the larger sister cells undergo an extra asymmetric division to produce a small cell neighboring guard mother cell. Some of these small cells develop into stomata, which leads to stomatal clustering, and the rest arrested or developed into pavement cell. After map-based cloning, we found the protein encoded by this gene containing DUF630 and DUF632 domains. Evolutionary analysis showed that the DUF630/632 gene family differentiated earlier in land plants. It was found that the deletion of RSD1 would lead to the disorder of gene expression regarding stomatal development, especially the expression of stomatal density and distribution 1 (OsSDD1). Through the construction of OsSDD1 deletion mutants by CRISPR-Cas9, we found that, similar to rsd1 mutants, the ossdd1 mutants have clustered stomata and extra small cells adjacent to the stomata. OsSDD1 and RSD1 are both required for inhibiting ectopic asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) and clustered stomata. By dehydration stress assay, the decreased stomatal density of rsd1 mutants enhanced their dehydration avoidance. This study characterized the functions of RSD1 and OsSDD1 in rice stomatal development. Our findings will be helpful in developing drought-resistant crops through controlling the stomatal density.

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“…Accordingly, osscr1 osscr2 double‐mutants show reduced stomatal density and morphological defects during stomatal development in rice (Wu et al , ). This suggests that the grass SHR/SCR module not only controls vein development and Kranz anatomy in the C 4 grass maize (Slewinski et al , ; Hughes et al , ), but also patterning and development of stomata in rice (Kamiya et al , ; Schuler et al , ; Wu et al , ). Usually, grasses form between one and two (sometimes three) adjacent stomatal rows depending on the species, the kind of leaf and, potentially, environmental factors (Stebbins and Shah, ).…”

Section: Innovations During Development and Morphogenesis Of Grass Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Form, development and function of grass stomata

2019

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Summary Stomata are cellular breathing pores on leaves that open and close to absorb photosynthetic carbon dioxide and to restrict water loss through transpiration, respectively. Grasses (Poaceae) form morphologically innovative stomata, which consist of two dumbbell‐shaped guard cells flanked by two lateral subsidiary cells (SCs). This ‘graminoid’ morphology is associated with faster stomatal movements leading to more water‐efficient gas exchange in changing environments. Here, we offer a genetic and mechanistic perspective on the unique graminoid form of grass stomata and the developmental innovations during stomatal cell lineage initiation, recruitment of SCs and stomatal morphogenesis. Furthermore, the functional consequences of the four‐celled, graminoid stomatal morphology are summarized. We compile the identified players relevant for stomatal opening and closing in grasses, and discuss possible mechanisms leading to cell‐type‐specific regulation of osmotic potential and turgor. In conclusion, we propose that the investigation of functionally superior grass stomata might reveal routes to improve water‐stress resilience of agriculturally relevant plants in a changing climate.

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Redundant SCARECROW genes pattern distinct cell layers in roots and leaves of maize

Cited by 34 publications

References 59 publications

On the road to C₄ rice: advances and perspectives

On the road to C₄ rice: advances and perspectives

RSD1 Is Essential for Stomatal Patterning and Files in Rice

Form, development and function of grass stomata

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Redundant SCARECROW genes pattern distinct cell layers in roots and leaves of maize

Cited by 34 publications

References 59 publications

On the road to C4 rice: advances and perspectives

On the road to C4 rice: advances and perspectives

RSD1 Is Essential for Stomatal Patterning and Files in Rice

Form, development and function of grass stomata

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Product

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On the road to C₄ rice: advances and perspectives

On the road to C₄ rice: advances and perspectives