Redundant and specific roles of cohesin STAG subunits in chromatin looping and transcription control

Abstract

Cohesin is a ring-shaped multiprotein complex that is crucial for 3D genome organization and transcriptional regulation during differentiation and development. It also confers sister chromatid cohesion and facilitates DNA damage repair. Besides its core subunits SMC3, SMC1A and RAD21, cohesin contains in somatic cells one of two orthologous STAG subunits, SA1 or SA2. How these variable subunits affect the function of the cohesin complex is still unclear. SA1-and SA2-cohesin were initially proposed to organize cohesion at telomeres and centromeres, respectively. Here, we uncover redundant and specific roles of SA1 and SA2 in gene regulation and chromatin looping using HCT116 cells with an auxin-inducible degron (AID) tag fused to either SA1 or SA2. Following rapid depletion of either subunit, we perform high resolution Hi-C, RNA-sequencing and sequential ChIP studies to show that SA1 and SA2 do not co-occupy individual binding sites and have distinct ways how they affect looping and gene expression. These findings are supported at the single cell level by single-molecule localizations via dSTORM super-resolution imaging. Since somatic and congenital mutations of the SA subunits are associated with cancer (SA2) and intellectual disability syndromes with congenital abnormalities (SA1 and SA2), we verified SA1-/SA2-dependencies using human neural stem cells, hence highlighting their importance for understanding particular disease contexts.

ESCO1 and CTCF enable formation of long chromatin loops by protecting cohesinSTAG1 from WAPL

“…Consistent with our findings, it has recently been reported that cohesin STAG1 and cohesin STAG2 contribute to chromatin differently (Casa et al, 2019;Viny et al, 2019;Cuadrado et al, 2019;Kojic et al, 2018), with cohesin STAG1 contributing more to TAD organisation than cohesin STAG2 . Cohesin STAG1 has also been shown to be more resistant to biochemical salt extraction from chromatin than cohesin STAG2 (Kojic et al, 2018), but whether this property is related to the long chromatin residence time of acetylated cohesin STAG1 reported here is unknown.…”

Integrative prediction of gene expression with chromatin accessibility and conformation data

“…compared to the gene-body or the TTS [80], suggesting that promoters are at the core of regulatory activity. Secondly, several HiC studies reported loop formation within a distinct gene, that is chromatin contacts between the TSS of gene x to intragenic positions of gene x up to its TTS, whereas loops from the TTS to other genomic locations have not been reported [81,82].…”