Reduction of wall degradability of clindamycin-treated staphylococci within macrophages

Wecke, Jörg; Johannsen, Lars; Giesbrecht, Peter

doi:10.1128/iai.58.1.197-204.1990

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…3). Furthermore, even bacteria pretreated with sub‐inhibitory concentrations of penicillin were not significantly degraded within macrophages in culture (129). Non‐biodegradable peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide complexes might also be translocated via macrophage to remote tissue sites causing dissemination of granulomatosis (69, 134).…”

Section: G Is Bacteriolysis Beneficial or Injurious To The Host?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It suggests their inability to degrade peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide complexes under in vivo condition (EM×32 800) (see refs. 37–39, 69, 129, 131, 134).…”

Section: G Is Bacteriolysis Beneficial or Injurious To The Host?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, factors other than MPO or toxic oxygen species were also responsible for the enhanced killing following phagocytosis. No explanation for the mechanims of cell‐wall degradation under such conditions, has, however, been offered (see also 129).…”

Section: H How Are Microbial Wall Components Eliminated Following Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of inflammation, infection and post‐infectious sequelae

Ginsburg

2002

APMIS

114

102

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The literature dealing with the biochemical basis of bacteriolysis and its role in inflammation, infection and in post-infectious sequelae is reviewed and discussed. Bacteriolysis is an event that may occur when normal microbial multiplication is altered due to an uncontrolled activation of a series of autolytic cell-wall breaking enzymes (muramidases). While a low-level bacteriolysis sometimes occurs physiologically, due to "mistakes" in cell separation, a pronounced cell wall breakdown may occur following bacteriolysis induced either by beta-lactam antibiotics or by a large variety of bacteriolysis-inducing cationic peptides. These include spermine, spermidine, bactericidal peptides defensins, bacterial permeability increasing peptides from neutrophils, cationic proteins from eosinophils, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, the highly cationic proteinases elastase and cathepsins, PLA2, and certain synthetic polyamino acids. The cationic agents probably function by deregulating lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in Gram-positive bacteria and phospholipids in Gram-negative bacteria, the presumed regulators of the autolytic enzyme systems (muramidases). When bacteriolysis occurs in vivo, cell-wall- and -membrane-associated lipopolysaccharide (LPS (endotoxin)), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PPG), are released. These highly phlogistic agents can act on macrophages, either individually or in synergy, to induce the generation and release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytotoxic cytokines, hydrolases, proteinases, and also to activate the coagulation and complement cascades. All these agents and processes are involved in the pathophysiology of septic shock and multiple organ failure resulting from severe microbial infections. Bacteriolysis induced in in vitro models, either by polycations or by beta-lactams, could be effectively inhibited by sulfated polysaccharides, by D-amino acids as well as by certain anti-bacteriolytic antibiotics. However, within phagocytic cells in inflammatory sites, bacteriolysis tends to be strongly inhibited presumably due to the inactivation by oxidants and proteinases of the bacterial muramidases. This might results in a long persistence of non-biodegradable cell-wall components causing granulomatous inflammation. However, persistence of microbial cell walls in vivo may also boost innate immunity against infections and against tumor-cell proliferation. Therapeutic strategies to cope with the deleterious effects of bacteriolysis in vivo include combinations of autolysin inhibitors with combinations of certain anti-inflammatory agents. These might inhibit the synergistic tissue- and- organ-damaging "cross talks" which lead to septic shock and to additional post-infectious sequelae.

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Section: G Is Bacteriolysis Beneficial or Injurious To The Host?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It suggests their inability to degrade peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide complexes under in vivo condition (EM×32 800) (see refs. 37–39, 69, 129, 131, 134).…”

Section: G Is Bacteriolysis Beneficial or Injurious To The Host?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of inflammation, infection and post‐infectious sequelae

Ginsburg

2002

APMIS

114

102

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“…A macrophage cell line was able to digest isolated cell walls of Bacillus subtilis and release monomeric muramyl peptides (64). Also, primary cultures of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages could partially process peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus when fed intact viable bacteria (65,66).…”

Section: Peptidoglycan Is a Source Of Biologically Active Muramyl Pepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The enzymatic degradability of bacterial cell walls depends, in part, on the chemical structure of peptidoglycan. For example, a high degree of 0-acetyl substitution of the C-6 atom of muramic acid in peptidoglycan inhibits the degradation process by lysozyme ( 5 , 7 , 20,21) and within macrophages (65,66). Removal of 0-acetyl groups by mild alkali treatment renders peptidoglycan degradable in those test systems.…”

Section: Peptidoglycan Is a Source Of Biologically Active Muramyl Pepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological properties of bacterial peptidoglycan

Johannsen

1993

APMIS

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Johannsen, L. Biological properties of bacterial peptidoglycan. APMIS 101: 337-344, 1993. Synthetic and natural muramyl peptides have a variety of biological actions in mammals, including the abilities to enhance sleep and body temperature. Although muramyl peptides can be detected constitutively in mammalian organisms, no biochemical synthetic pathways are known for muramyl peptides in mammals. However, muramyl peptides are well known as components of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (synonym: murein). Isolated bacterial cell walls elicit host responses similar to those produced by bacterial infections or by purified muramyl peptides. Mammalian cells which phagocytize bacteria can digest bacterial cell walls and release biologically active muramyl peptides. The released muramyl peptides then express some or all of the biological effects observed with synthetic muramyl peptides. Also, cell-free systems consisting of isolated bacterial cell walls and lysozyme produce substances with similar biological activities.

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Peptidoglycan hydrolases of the Staphylococci

Sugai

1997

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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Reduction of wall degradability of clindamycin-treated staphylococci within macrophages

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

The role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of inflammation, infection and post‐infectious sequelae

The role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of inflammation, infection and post‐infectious sequelae

Biological properties of bacterial peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan hydrolases of the Staphylococci

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