Reduction of Oxide Mixtures of (Fe2O3 + CuO) and (Fe2O3 + Co3O4) by Low-Temperature Hydrogen Plasma

Sabat, Kali Charan; Paramguru, R. K.; Mishra, B.K.

doi:10.1007/s11090-017-9818-6

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the reduction of TiO2, oxygen plasma was detected by spectroscopy during microwave irradiation at 900 W for 10 min at the maximum intensity of the microwave electric field in a 10 −1 Pa vacuum, and the weak reduction of TiO2 was confirmed [13]. Other papers have reported the reduction of various transition-metal oxides by plasma [14][15][16]. Sabat et al [15] mentioned that, typically, the activation energy of plasma-assisted reactions is lower than that of the corresponding standalone reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of the Carbothermal Reduction Process of Iron Oxides during Microwave Irradiation

Fukushima

Takizawa

2018

Metals

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Abstract:The effects of microwave plasma induction and reduction on the promotion of the carbothermal reduction of iron oxides (α-Fe 2 O 3 , γ-Fe 2 O 3 , and Fe 3 O 4 ) are investigated using in situ emission spectroscopy measurements during 2.45 GHz microwave processing, and the plasma discharge (such as CN and N 2 ) is measured during microwave E-field irradiation. It is shown that CN gas or excited CN molecules contribute to the iron oxide reduction reactions, as well as to the thermal reduction. On the other hand, no plasma is generated during microwave H-field irradiation, resulting in thermal reduction. Magnetite strongly interacts with the microwave H-field, and the reduction reaction is clearly promoted by microwave H-field irradiation, as well as thermal reduction reaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of the Carbothermal Reduction Process of Iron Oxides during Microwave Irradiation

Fukushima

Takizawa

2018

Metals

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“…In search for some low-carbon footprint technologies, hydrogen (H2) has been found as the most suitable candidate to replace carbon [1,[4][5]. H2 is the strongest candidate because it possesses thermodynamic and kinetic advantages [1,4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] compared to CO2. Also, the reduction product is environmental friendly water (H2O) and a very low quantity of H2 consumed per tonne of iron.…”

Section: Low-carbon Footprint Technology -Hydrogen Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermodynamic and kinetic limitations of H2 could be successfully removed by HP [1,4,[6][7][8][9][10][23][24][25] due to the excited species present in it. These excited species are rotationally-excited and vibrationally-excited hydrogen molecules (H2 * ), atomic hydrogen (H), and ionic hydrogen (H + ), etc.…”

Section: Hydrogen Plasma -Novel Production Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can be produced by the application of direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), radiofrequency (RF), microwave (MW), or any other electromagnetic (EM) field. Recently, by using a simple microwave setup, several metals and alloys could be produced by HP, for example, iron from hematite (Fe2O3) and iron ore [1,6,23], Copper from Cupric oxide (CuO) [8], Cobalt from Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) [7], and alloys like FeCo alloy from Fe2O3 and Co3O4 mixture [9], CuNi alloy from CuO and NiO mixture [10], CuCo alloy from CuO and Co3O4 mixture [25], etc. The production of other metals by these HP methods has been extensively reviewed by Sabat et al [1,4].…”

Section: Hydrogen Plasma -Novel Production Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-thermal plasma has already been used for several purposes such as thin-film deposition, etching of semiconductor, production of ozone, cleaning of gas, the surface of plastics modification, plasma displays, etc. Recently, the production of metals and alloys from various metal oxides and the mixtures of metal oxides or ores have been reported by Sabat et al [1,4,[6][7][8][9][10][23][24][25].…”

Section: Non-thermal or Cold Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

Sabat

2021

Phys. Chem. Solid St.

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Presently, Iron is produced from iron ores by using carbon from coal. The production process is consisting of many stages. The involvement of multi-stages needs high capital investments, large-scale equipments, and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) responsible for environmental pollution. There have been significant efforts to replace carbon with hydrogen (H2). Although H2 is the strongest reductant, it still also has thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. However, these thermodynamic and kinetic limitations could be removed by hydrogen plasma (HP). HP comprises rovibrationally excited molecular, atomic, and ionic states of hydrogen. All of them contribute to thermodynamic advantage by making the Gibbs standard free energy more negative, which makes the reduction of iron oxides feasible at low temperatures. Apart from the thermodynamic advantage, these excited species increase the internal energy of HP, which reduces the activation energy, thereby making the reduction easier and faster. Apart from the thermodynamic and kinetic advantage of HP, the byproduct of the reaction is environmentally benign water. This review discusses the physics and chemistry of iron ore reduction using HP, emphasizing the solid-state reduction of iron ore. HP reduction of iron ore is a high potential and attractive reduction process.

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Plasma Processing of Carbon Dioxide

Sabat

Singh

Das

2021

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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Reduction of Oxide Mixtures of (Fe2O3 + CuO) and (Fe2O3 + Co3O4) by Low-Temperature Hydrogen Plasma

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of the Carbothermal Reduction Process of Iron Oxides during Microwave Irradiation

In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of the Carbothermal Reduction Process of Iron Oxides during Microwave Irradiation

Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

Plasma Processing of Carbon Dioxide

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