Reducing ground reaction forces in gymnastics’ landings may increase internal loading

Mills, Chris; Pain, Matthew T.G.; Yeadon, Maurice R.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.01.019

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…(Mills et al, 2009), and ensure the landing mat behaved within realistic limits. Landing mat constraints included ensuring the mat did not become excessively compressed and 'bottom out'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that up to 82 % of injuries in gymnastics are acute and that the lower extremity was the most injured, comprising 54 % to 70 % of all injuries (Harringe et al, 2006;Jensen, 1998;Meeusen and Borms, 1992). Several factors may contribute to the frequency and severity of injuries during landing, including body position at the instant of touchdown, landing technique and the landing surface (Dufek and Bates, 1991;McNitt-Gray et al, 1993;McNitt-Gray, 2000;Mills et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modifying landing mat material properties may decrease peak contact forces but increase forefoot forces in gymnastics landings

Mills

Yeadon

Pain

2010

Sports Biomechanics

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This study investigated how changes in the material properties of a landing mat could minimise ground reaction forces (GRF) and internal loading on a gymnast during landing. A multi-layer model of a gymnastics competition landing mat and a subject-specific seven link wobbling mass model of a gymnast were developed to address this aim. Landing mat properties (stiffness and damping) were optimised using a Simplex algorithm to minimise GRF and internal loading. The optimisation of the landing mat parameters was characterised by minimal changes to the mat's stiffness (<0.5%) but increased damping (272%) compared to the competition landing mat. Changes to the landing mat resulted in reduced peak vertical and horizontal GRF and reduced bone bending moments in the shank and thigh compared to a matching simulation. Peak bone bending moments within the thigh and shank were reduced by 6 % from 321.5 Nm to 302.5 Nm and GRF by 12 % from 8626 N to 7552 N when compared to a matching simulation. The reduction in these forces may help to reduce the risk of bone fracture injury associated with a single landing and reduce the risk of a chronic injury such as a stress fracture.

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“…(Mills et al, 2009), and ensure the landing mat behaved within realistic limits. Landing mat constraints included ensuring the mat did not become excessively compressed and 'bottom out'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifying landing mat material properties may decrease peak contact forces but increase forefoot forces in gymnastics landings

Mills

Yeadon

Pain

2010

Sports Biomechanics

Self Cite

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“…Injuries have anecdotally been linked to training intensity and load, with landing increasingly recognised as a potentially important activity (Seegmiller & McCaw, 2003). Indeed, several studies have confirmed a link between the excessive load gymnasts must absorb during landings and the high rate of acute lower limb injuries gymnasts report (Daly et al, 2001;Kirialanis, Malliou, Beneka, & Giannakopoulos, 2003;Marshall, Covassin, Dick, Nassar, & Agel, 2007;McAuley et al, 1987;Mills, Pain, & Yeadon, 2008, 2009Seegmiller & McCaw, 2003;Wade, Campbell, Smith, Norcott, & O'Sullivan, 2012). Further, given that landing is a judged component of all gymnastic events, it is focused on throughout training and competition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greater lower limb flexion in gymnastic landings is associated with reduced landing force: a repeated measures study

Slater

Campbell

Smith

et al. 2015

Sports Biomechanics

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High impact forces during gymnastic landings are thought to contribute to the high rate of injuries. Lower limb joint flexion is currently limited within gymnastic rules, yet might be an avenue for reduced force absorption. This study investigated whether lower limb flexion during three gymnastic landings was related to force. Differences between landings were also explored. Twenty-one elite women's artistic gymnasts performed three common gymnastic techniques: drop landing (DL), front and back somersaults. Ankle, knee, and hip angles, and vertical ground reaction force [(vGRF) magnitude and time to peak], were measured using three-dimensional motion analysis and force platform. The DL had significantly smaller peak vGRF, greater time to peak vGRF and larger lower limb flexion ranges than landing from either somersault. Peak vGRF and time to peak vGRF were inversely related. Peak vGRF was significantly reduced in gymnasts who landed with greater hip flexion, and time to peak was significantly increased with increasing ankle, knee, and hip flexion. Increased range of lower limb flexion should be encouraged during gymnastic landings to increase time to peak vGRF and reduce high impact force. For this purpose, judging criteria limitations on lower limb flexion should be reconsidered.

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“…The second approach has the advantage of allowing subject-specific torque functions to be readily obtained from maximum torque measurements on an isovelocity dynamometer (Yeadon et al, 2006) and hence model evaluation is more robust; however biarticular effects and antagonist coactivation are not fully accounted for. Regardless, the success of joint torque generators using measured torque functions has been demonstrated for many different activities (Yeadon and King, 2002;Sprigings and Miller, 2004;Mills et al, 2008, Mills et al, 2009Yeadon et al, 2010). However, challenges exist in obtaining accurate subject-specific torque functions from dynamometer measurements and the development of a more robust protocol for this process would further improve the models of dynamic human movement based on joint torque generators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing different approaches for determining joint torque parameters from isovelocity dynamometer measurements

Forrester

Yeadon

King

et al. 2011

Journal of Biomechanics

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Reducing ground reaction forces in gymnastics’ landings may increase internal loading

Cited by 38 publications

References 26 publications

Modifying landing mat material properties may decrease peak contact forces but increase forefoot forces in gymnastics landings

Modifying landing mat material properties may decrease peak contact forces but increase forefoot forces in gymnastics landings

Greater lower limb flexion in gymnastic landings is associated with reduced landing force: a repeated measures study

Comparing different approaches for determining joint torque parameters from isovelocity dynamometer measurements

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