Reduced susceptibility to Fusarium head blight in Brachypodium distachyon through priming with the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol

Abstract

ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. P r o o fNumeric scoring system for rating the disease severity of F. graminearum-infected B. distachyon spikelets.156x77mm (300 x 300 DPI) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60Based on its phylogeny and morphology, the small annual grass Brachypodium 3 distachyon has emerged as a model system for the investigation of Triticeae (Catalán 4 et al., 1995, Vogel & Bragg, 2009, Vogel et al., 2006. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 and wilting (Cutler, 1988 to break type II resistance and to fully colonize the spike (Proctor et al., 1995 wheat spikelets (Voigt et al., 2005, Blümke et al., 2014. In the initial phase of 15In B. distachyon, we observed a slight hyphal growth of the gpmk1GFP mutant only 16 at the point of direct inoculation within the floret (Fig. 2D) (Fig. 3A), were comparable to the amounts described in previous reports of 21B. distachyon and other grasses (Christensen et al., 2010, Gomez et al., 2008. (Fig. 3A). Apart from glucose, we did not observed 2 alterations for the other neutral monosaccharides (Fig. 3A). At 14 dpi, we observed a 3 shift in the glucose/xylose ratio in the waterinoculated control tissue where the 4 glucose content increased to almost 30 mol%, which correlated with a decrease in the 5 xylose content to 58 mol%. The relative amounts of arabinose and galactose remained 6 unchanged compared to 7 dpi, which also applied to the F. graminearuminfected 7 samples for these monosaccharides (Fig. 3B). Whereas we did not detect differences 8 in the cell wall composition between control and tri5GFPinfected samples, 9 infection of spikelets with the F. graminearum...

Brachypodium as an emerging model for cereal–pathogen interactions

“…Furthermore, recent studies are proving that new insights into plant-microbe interactions can be revealed using brachypodium; the mapping of non-host resistance in brachypodium to wheat stripe rust (Ayliffe et al 2013), as outlined above, is a key example. Another important example is the very recent study of Blümke et al (2014) on the brachypodium-FHB interaction. Although the effect of DON on eliciting defence gene expression has been demonstrated in both wheat (Desmond et al, 2008) and brachypodium (Pasquet et al, 2014), Blümke et al (2014) have identified a new role for this mycotoxin as an inducer of resistance to FHB in brachypodium, seemingly via a 'priming' effect.…”

“…Another important example is the very recent study of Blümke et al (2014) on the brachypodium-FHB interaction. Although the effect of DON on eliciting defence gene expression has been demonstrated in both wheat (Desmond et al, 2008) and brachypodium (Pasquet et al, 2014), Blümke et al (2014) have identified a new role for this mycotoxin as an inducer of resistance to FHB in brachypodium, seemingly via a 'priming' effect. The pretreatment of brachypodium with low concentrations of DON was been found to reduce the susceptibility to FHB by eliciting defence gene expression and altering host cell-wall composition.…”

Brachypodium distachyon as alternative model host system for the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea

“…Although the fungal attack was recognized and the defence response was initiated, Brachypodium was unable to repel the infection by WT. A similar induction of PR genes has been described during infection by F. graminearum ( PR1 and PR2 ; Blümke et al ., ) and the Panicum mosaic virus (PMV, PR1–3 , PR5 ; Mandadi and Scholthof, ). In contrast, lox2 was down‐regulated on PMV infection, a result which could not be confirmed for Claviceps infection (Fig.…”

Fusarium-plant interaction: state of the art - a review

“…Therefore, DON has been described as a virulent factor because analyses using DON producer and non-producer isolates show differences in the pathogen biomass on B. distachyon. Interestingly, by applying DON pretreatment prior to F. graminearum infection, Blümke et al (2015) observed that DON induced the priming of the B. distachyon spikelet tissue, thus contributing to reduce susceptibility to FHB. Diamond et al (2013) evaluated the effects of DON on the viability of arabidopsis cells and observed that low DON concentrations do not kill cells due to the capacity of DON to disarm the apoptosis-like plant programmed cell death.…”

“…Finally, not only leaves were used to assay the Fusarium pathogenicity but also other plant tissues like stem, stem nodes, leaf sheaths, and root were inoculated with both pathogens and all of them were susceptible to F. graminearum and F. culmorum (Peraldi et al 2011). Therefore, F. graminearum wild type and several mutants with deficient virulence were used to inoculate single florets of B. distachyon spikelets and disease symptoms were induced in them (Blümke et al 2015). Considering its participation in plant interactions, the mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum have also been evaluated.…”