Reduced Growth Hormone Response to Growth Hormone‐releasing Hormone in Children With Simple Obesity: Evidence for Somatomedin‐c Mediated Inhibition

Loche, Sandro; Cappa, Marco; Borrelli, P.; Faedda, A.; Crinò, Antonino; Cella, Silvano G.; Corda, R.; Müller, Eugenio E.; Pintor, C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01139.x

Cited by 148 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It is suggested that the growth of obese children is not GH dependent but nutrition dependent, since GH secretion by GRF is significantly smaller in SO than in NS as shown in this study and other studies [2,17]. However, IGF-I level is significantly greater in obese children than in normal short children despite lower GH secretion.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 36%

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Nutrition Related Hormonal Changes in Obese Children.

et al. 1998

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Abstract. Children with simple obesity (SO) show increased linear growth with normal or high serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels during prepubertal period, despite low GH secretion. We measured IGF-I, IGFBP-1, GHBP and other factors to clarify the hormonal relation between the nutrition and the linear growth in SO and compared these factors with children with normal short stature (NS). Subjects were 23 SO and 19 NS children, and their height standard deviation (SD) scores were 0.7 ± 0.2 SD and -3.4 ± 0.3 SD (mean ± SEM) (P<0.01), respectively. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in all the subjects and GH-releasing factor (GRF) test was also performed in 13 of SO and 17 of NS. The peak levels of GH in the GRF test were significantly lower in SO than in NS (12.8 ± 1.7 vs. 39.8 ± 6.9 ng/ml) and showed a significantly positive correlation with IGFBP-1 (r= 0.63, P<0.01). Serum GHBP level and IGF-I level were significantly higher in SO than in NS on pubertal stage matching. There was a positive correlation between GHBP and insulin during OGTT (r=0.75, P<0.01). When the sum of the values during OGTT was expressed as L insulin, ~C-peptide and glucose were significantly higher in SO than in NS on pubertal stage matching. Basal and IGFBP-1 were significantly lower in SO than in NS, but IGFBP-3 levels showed no significant difference between the two groups either in prepuberty or midpuberty.In conclusion, it can be hypothesized that the overnutrition causes hyperinsulinemia which increases GH receptor and IGF-I secretion despite low GH secretion. Hyperinsulinemia also may increase free IGF-I by lowering IGFBP-1. These two mechanism are supposed to be the nutrition related hormonal changes in SO and can explain the growth of SO. In addition, the increased free IGF-I may contribute the decreased GH secretion due to negative feedback in SO.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 36%

“…IT HAS been reported that children with simple obesity (SO) show increased linear growth with normal or high serum insulin-like growth f actor-I (IGF-I) levels during prepubertal period, despite low GH secretion [1,2]. On the other hand, insulin secretion is increased in these children [3].…”

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confidence: 99%

Nutrition Related Hormonal Changes in Obese Children.

et al. 1998

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“…49,50 High plasma insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) concentrations and reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion (spontaneous or in response to a wide variety of stimuli) are characteristic features of children with simple obesity. 51 Increased IGF1 could promote hyperplasia in all tissues, including adipose tissue, and decreased GH levels could decrease lipolysis, promoting the development and maintenance of large fat stores. A study conducted in 2.5-year-old Danish children found that animal protein (from milk but not from meat or vegetables) was positively associated with serum IGF-1 concentrations and height.…”

Section: Factors Associated With An Early Ar and Increased Fatnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults

et al. 2006

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Childhood obesity is an important public health problem, with a rapidly increasing frequency worldwide. Identification of critical periods for the development of childhood and adolescent obesity could be very useful for targeting prevention measures. Weight status in early childhood is a poor predictor of adult adiposity status, and most obese adults were not obese as children. We first proposed to use the body mass index (BMI) charts to monitor individual BMI development. The adiposity rebound (AR) corresponds to the second rise in BMI curve that occurs between ages 5 and 7 years. It is not as direct a measure as BMI at any age, but because it involves the examination of several points during growth, and because it is identified at a time when adiposity level clearly change directions, this method provides information that can help us understand individual changes and the development of health risks. An early AR is associated with an increased risk of overweight. It is inversely associated with bone age, and reflects accelerated growth. The early AR recorded in most obese subjects and the striking difference in the mean age at AR between obese subjects (3 years) and non-obese subjects (6 years) suggest that factors have operated very early in life. The typical pattern associated with an early AR is a low BMI followed by increased BMI level after the rebound. This pattern is recorded in children of recent generations as compared to those of previous generations. This is owing to the trend of a steeper increase of height as compared to weight in the first years of life. This typical BMI pattern (low, followed by high body fatness level) is associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart diseases. Low body fatness before the AR suggests that an energy deficit had occurred at an early stage of growth. It can be attributable to the high-protein, low-fat diet fed to infants at a time of high energy needs, the former triggering height velocity and the latter decreasing the energy density of the diet and then reducing energy intake. The high-fat, low-protein content of human milk may contribute to its beneficial effects on growth processes. Early (pre-and postnatal) life is a critical period during which environmental factors may programme adaptive mechanisms that will persist in adulthood. Under-nutrition in fetal life or during the first years after birth may programme a thrifty metabolism that will exert adverse effects later in life, especially if the growing child is exposed to overnutrition. These observations stress the importance of an adequate nutritional status in childhood and the necessity to provide nutritional intakes adapted to nutritional needs at various stages of growth. Because the AR reflects particular BMI patterns, it is a useful tool for the paediatrician to monitor the child's adiposity development and for researchers to investigate the different developmental patterns leading to overweight. It contributes to the understanding of chronic disease programming and suggests ne...

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“…However, findings of studies on obese subjects are conflicting, with serum concentrations of total IGF-I reported to be relatively low, 13-16 unchanged 17,18 or increased. 19,20 Several crosssectional studies of adiposity and circulating IGF-I have found no relationship [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] while a nonlinear relationship of body mass index (BMI) with IGF-I has been observed in some large studies. [33][34][35][36] The data on the relationship between IGFBP-3, the main binding protein of IGF-1, and obesity are not consistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index, waist circumference and waist–hip ratio and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in European women

et al. 2006

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Objective: To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with serum levels of insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I), and its binding protein (IGFBP)-3. Design: Cross-sectional study on 2139 women participating in a case-control study on breast cancer and endogenous hormones. Data on lifestyle and reproductive factors were collected by means of questionnaires. Body height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Serum levels of IGF-I and insulin-like binding protein (IGFBP)-3 were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assays. Adjusted mean levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 across quintiles of BMI, waist circumference, and WHR were calculated by linear regression. Results were adjusted for potential confounders associated with IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Results: Adjusted mean serum IGF-I values were lower in women with BMIo22.5 kg/m 2 or BMI429.2 kg/m 2 compared to women with BMI within this range (P heterogeneity o0.0001, P trend ¼ 0.35). Insulin-like growth factor-I was not related to WHR after adjustment for BMI. IGF-binding protein-3 was linearly positively related to waist and WHR after mutual adjustment. The molar ratio IGF-I/IGFBP-3 had a non-linear relation with BMI and a linear inverse relationship with WHR (P trend ¼ 0.005). Conclusions: Our data confirm the nonlinear relationship of circulating IGF-I to total adiposity in women. Serum IGFBP-3 was positively related to central adiposity. These suggest that bioavailable IGF-I levels could be lower in obese compared to nonobese women and inversely related to central adiposity.

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Reduced Growth Hormone Response to Growth Hormone‐releasing Hormone in Children With Simple Obesity: Evidence for Somatomedin‐c Mediated Inhibition

Cited by 148 publications

References 32 publications

Nutrition Related Hormonal Changes in Obese Children.

Nutrition Related Hormonal Changes in Obese Children.

Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults

Body mass index, waist circumference and waist–hip ratio and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in European women

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