Redox Properties and Activity of Iron–Citrate Complexes: Evidence for Redox Cycling

Adam, Fatima I.; Bounds, Patricia L.; Kissner, Reinhard; Koppenol, Willem H.

doi:10.1021/tx500377b

Cited by 43 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(153 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It can be concluded that 2.77 pH and 0.337 V Eh correspond to FeH 2 L + which is a stable soluble compound; this can be corroborated with previous studies [17].…”

Section: Pourbaix Diagram Of Iron-citrate Systemsupporting

confidence: 89%

Processing of Waste Copper Converter Slag Using Organic Acids for Extraction of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt

Meshram¹,

Prakash²,

Bhagat³

et al. 2020

Minerals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An innovative, economical, and environmentally sound hydrometallurgical process has been proposed for recovering Cu, Ni, and Co from copper-rich converter slag by organic acids. In the leaching experiments, the effects of organic acid concentrations, pulp density, temperature, and time were investigated. Optimum recovery of 99.1% Cu, 89.2% Ni, 94% Co, and 99.2% Fe was achieved in 9–10 h at 308 K (35 °C) temperature and 15% pulp density with 2 N citric acid using <45 µm particles. Pourbaix diagrams of metal-water-citrate systems were supplemented to examine solubility of ligands at the desired conditions. Furthermore, the leaching mechanism was based on the SEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and XRD characterization as well as the leaching results obtained.

show abstract

“…It can be concluded that 2.77 pH and 0.337 V Eh correspond to FeH 2 L + which is a stable soluble compound; this can be corroborated with previous studies [17].…”

Section: Pourbaix Diagram Of Iron-citrate Systemsupporting

confidence: 89%

Processing of Waste Copper Converter Slag Using Organic Acids for Extraction of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt

Meshram¹,

Prakash²,

Bhagat³

et al. 2020

Minerals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In vivo iron in the labile (cellular chelatable or redox‐active) iron pool is in the iron(II) form bound to proteins or physiological ligands, such as citrate . The concentrations of redox‐active iron and citrate in the blood plasma are estimated to be 15‐50 μmol/L and 0.1 mol/L, respectively. Iron‐citrate complexes are found in the blood serum of patients under pathological conditions of iron overload and also in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis .…”

Section: Iron‐induced Generation Of Oxidizing Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of redox‐active iron and citrate in the blood plasma are estimated to be 15‐50 μmol/L and 0.1 mol/L, respectively. Iron‐citrate complexes are found in the blood serum of patients under pathological conditions of iron overload and also in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis . In vivo H 2 O 2 can be produced by several enzymes, including xanthine oxidases and superoxide dismutase, and the concentration of plasma H 2 O 2 is in the range of 1‐5 μmol/L .…”

Section: Iron‐induced Generation Of Oxidizing Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron and oxidizing species in oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease

Zhao

2019

Aging Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmerc ial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractIron species can participate in the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction to generate oxidizing species that can cause oxidative damages to biomolecules and induce oxidative stress in the body. Furthermore, iron accumulation and oxidative stress have been shown to associate with the pathological progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, the role of iron species in generating the most deleterious free radical species (ie, hydroxyl radical) and effects of this species in causing oxidative stress in vivo are described. The implications of oxidative stress and the recently recognized cell death pathway (ie, ferroptosis) to AD are addressed. Strategies to combat this neurodegenerative disease, such as iron chelation and antioxidant therapies, and future research directions on this aspect are also discussed. K E Y W O R D SAlzheimer's disease, Fenton/Fenton-like reaction, hydroxyl radical, iron species, oxidative stress | 83 ZHAO treat neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we examine the role of iron species in generating the most oxidatively deleterious ROS (ie, • OH) and describe the oxidative damages caused by this free radical and its consequence of inducing oxidative stress. We also discuss the association of oxidative stress with AD and the potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.

show abstract

“…7 In the human body typical examples of Fe(III) binding proteins are lactotransferrin, transferrin and ferritin oxidizing Fe(II) to Fe(III) upon binding, and low molecular weight compounds in the blood also bind Fe(III), with citric acid being the major representative. 8 Also, amino acids, ATP/AMP, inositol phosphates and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid have been described to chelate Fe(III) but not Fe(II). 9 A different picture emerges in the cytosolic compartment of cells, in which about 1 mM of Fe(II) predominates the labile iron pool, with glutathione in cellular concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 mM 10,11 acting as a buffer 9 and thus serving as a means for the subsequent incorporation of Fe(II) into a wide range of iron-dependent enzymes and electron transfer proteins.…”

Section: Redox Chemistry Of Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking iron-deficiency with allergy: role of molecular allergens and the microbiome

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Atopic individuals tend to develop a Th2 dominant immune response, resulting in hyperresponsiveness to harmless antigens, termed allergens. In the last decade, epidemiological studies have emerged that connected allergy with a deficient iron-status. Immune activation under iron-deficient conditions results in the expansion of Th2-, but not Th1 cells, can induce class-switching in B-cells and hampers the proper activation of M2, but not M1 macrophages. Moreover, many allergens, in particular with the lipocalin and lipocalin-like folds, seem to be capable of binding iron indirectly via siderophores harboring catechol moieties. The resulting locally restricted iron-deficiency may then lead during immune activation to the generation of Th2-cells and thus prepare for allergic sensitization. Moreover, iron-chelators seem to also influence clinical reactivity: mast cells accumulate iron before degranulation and seem to respond differently depending on the type of the encountered siderophore. Whereas deferoxamine triggers degranulation of connective tissue-type mast cells, catechol-based siderophores reduce activation and degranulation and improve clinical symptoms. Considering the complex interplay of iron, siderophores and immune molecules, it remains to be determined whether iron-deficiencies are the cause or the result of allergy.

show abstract

Redox Properties and Activity of Iron–Citrate Complexes: Evidence for Redox Cycling

Cited by 43 publications

References 77 publications

Processing of Waste Copper Converter Slag Using Organic Acids for Extraction of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt

Processing of Waste Copper Converter Slag Using Organic Acids for Extraction of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt

Iron and oxidizing species in oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease

Linking iron-deficiency with allergy: role of molecular allergens and the microbiome

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About