Red squirrel metabolism during incline running

The metabolic cost of walking on gradients with a waddling gait

“…Likewise, the incremental cost of increasing speed was similar at each gradient, which is inconsistent with most previous studies that have found the slope of the relationship between V O2 and U increases with incline angle and decreases with decline angle (e.g. Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Raab et al, 1976;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The findings of the current study, then, pose two significant questions.…”

“…The increase in metabolic cost when moving up an incline agrees with previous studies (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Bedford et al, 1979;Brooks and White, 1978;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Dill, 1965;Eaton et al, 1995;Ellerby et al, 2003;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Rubenson et al, 2006;Snyder and Carello, 2008;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wickler et al, 2000;Wickler et al, 2003;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The finding that descending a decline is not metabolically cheaper than locomoting on the level, however, is contrary to previous findings (Armstrong et al, 1983;Byrnes et al, 1985;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Yousef et al, 1972).…”

“…Previous studies have found the slope of the line of best fit between V O2 and U to increase with gradient (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Eaton et al, 1995;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Full and Tullis, 1990;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972) and the established way of calculating the efficiency of moving along gradients for comparison between different species is dependent upon there being a difference (Taylor et al, 1972).…”

The metabolic cost of walking on gradients with a waddling gait

“…Likewise, the incremental cost of increasing speed was similar at each gradient, which is inconsistent with most previous studies that have found the slope of the relationship between V O2 and U increases with incline angle and decreases with decline angle (e.g. Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Raab et al, 1976;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The findings of the current study, then, pose two significant questions.…”

“…The increase in metabolic cost when moving up an incline agrees with previous studies (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Bedford et al, 1979;Brooks and White, 1978;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Dill, 1965;Eaton et al, 1995;Ellerby et al, 2003;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Rubenson et al, 2006;Snyder and Carello, 2008;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wickler et al, 2000;Wickler et al, 2003;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The finding that descending a decline is not metabolically cheaper than locomoting on the level, however, is contrary to previous findings (Armstrong et al, 1983;Byrnes et al, 1985;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Yousef et al, 1972).…”

“…Previous studies have found the slope of the line of best fit between V O2 and U to increase with gradient (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Eaton et al, 1995;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Full and Tullis, 1990;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972) and the established way of calculating the efficiency of moving along gradients for comparison between different species is dependent upon there being a difference (Taylor et al, 1972).…”

Locomotion on a slope in leaf-cutter ants: metabolic energy use, behavioural adaptations and the implications for route selection on hilly terrain

“…This finding is in contrast to studies in other species where metabolic rate has been found to increase with incline; however, in these previous studies, speed was kept constant for all gradients (Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Snyder and Carello, 2008). In our experiments, leaf-cutter ants were able to freely select their speed of locomotion and, rather than maintaining a constant speed, ants moderated speed, travelling fastest on the shallowest slopes and more slowly as slope increased (Fig.2B).…”

The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus)

“…The MCoT values presented at the intermediate U , and the curvilinear relationship shown between MCoT and U , were consistent with previous findings in humans ( Snyder & Farley, 2011 ) and horses ( Wickler et al, 2000 ) moving on inclines. The MCoT was also higher on an incline compared to moving on the level, as found in a number of previous investigations ( Farley & Emshwiller, 1996 ; Minetti et al, 2002 ; Warncke, Bandholtz & Schultze-Motel, 1988 ; Wunder & Morrison, 1974 ). The CoL at each incline did not differ considerably, corresponding with the results for net- P met .…”

The metabolic cost of walking on gradients with a waddling gait

“…Likewise, the incremental cost of increasing speed was similar at each gradient, which is inconsistent with most previous studies that have found the slope of the relationship between V O2 and U increases with incline angle and decreases with decline angle (e.g. Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Raab et al, 1976;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The findings of the current study, then, pose two significant questions.…”

“…The increase in metabolic cost when moving up an incline agrees with previous studies (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Bedford et al, 1979;Brooks and White, 1978;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Dill, 1965;Eaton et al, 1995;Ellerby et al, 2003;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Rubenson et al, 2006;Snyder and Carello, 2008;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wickler et al, 2000;Wickler et al, 2003;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The finding that descending a decline is not metabolically cheaper than locomoting on the level, however, is contrary to previous findings (Armstrong et al, 1983;Byrnes et al, 1985;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Yousef et al, 1972).…”

“…Previous studies have found the slope of the line of best fit between V O2 and U to increase with gradient (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Eaton et al, 1995;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Full and Tullis, 1990;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972) and the established way of calculating the efficiency of moving along gradients for comparison between different species is dependent upon there being a difference (Taylor et al, 1972).…”

Locomotion on a slope in leaf-cutter ants: metabolic energy use, behavioural adaptations and the implications for route selection on hilly terrain

“…This finding is in contrast to studies in other species where metabolic rate has been found to increase with incline; however, in these previous studies, speed was kept constant for all gradients (Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Snyder and Carello, 2008). In our experiments, leaf-cutter ants were able to freely select their speed of locomotion and, rather than maintaining a constant speed, ants moderated speed, travelling fastest on the shallowest slopes and more slowly as slope increased (Fig.2B).…”

The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus)

“…The MCoT values presented at the intermediate U , and the curvilinear relationship shown between MCoT and U , were consistent with previous findings in humans ( Snyder & Farley, 2011 ) and horses ( Wickler et al, 2000 ) moving on inclines. The MCoT was also higher on an incline compared to moving on the level, as found in a number of previous investigations ( Farley & Emshwiller, 1996 ; Minetti et al, 2002 ; Warncke, Bandholtz & Schultze-Motel, 1988 ; Wunder & Morrison, 1974 ). The CoL at each incline did not differ considerably, corresponding with the results for net- P met .…”

The metabolic cost of walking on gradients with a waddling gait

“…Likewise, the incremental cost of increasing speed was similar at each gradient, which is inconsistent with most previous studies that have found the slope of the relationship between V O2 and U increases with incline angle and decreases with decline angle (e.g. Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Raab et al, 1976;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The findings of the current study, then, pose two significant questions.…”

“…The increase in metabolic cost when moving up an incline agrees with previous studies (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Bedford et al, 1979;Brooks and White, 1978;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Dill, 1965;Eaton et al, 1995;Ellerby et al, 2003;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Rubenson et al, 2006;Snyder and Carello, 2008;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wickler et al, 2000;Wickler et al, 2003;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972). The finding that descending a decline is not metabolically cheaper than locomoting on the level, however, is contrary to previous findings (Armstrong et al, 1983;Byrnes et al, 1985;Cohen et al, 1978;Margaria et al, 1963;Minetti et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;White and Yousef, 1978;Yousef et al, 1972).…”

“…Previous studies have found the slope of the line of best fit between V O2 and U to increase with gradient (Armstrong et al, 1983;Bamford and Maloiy, 1980;Chassin et al, 1976;Clapperton, 1964;Cohen et al, 1978;Eaton et al, 1995;Farley and Emshwiller, 1996;Full and Tullis, 1990;Margaria et al, 1963;McDonough et al, 2002;Raab et al, 1976;Robbins et al, 1979;Taylor et al, 1972;Warncke et al, 1988;White and Yousef, 1978;Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Yousef et al, 1972) and the established way of calculating the efficiency of moving along gradients for comparison between different species is dependent upon there being a difference (Taylor et al, 1972).…”

Locomotion on a slope in leaf-cutter ants: metabolic energy use, behavioural adaptations and the implications for route selection on hilly terrain

“…This finding is in contrast to studies in other species where metabolic rate has been found to increase with incline; however, in these previous studies, speed was kept constant for all gradients (Wunder and Morrison, 1974;Snyder and Carello, 2008). In our experiments, leaf-cutter ants were able to freely select their speed of locomotion and, rather than maintaining a constant speed, ants moderated speed, travelling fastest on the shallowest slopes and more slowly as slope increased (Fig.2B).…”

The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus)

“…The MCoT values presented at the intermediate U , and the curvilinear relationship shown between MCoT and U , were consistent with previous findings in humans ( Snyder & Farley, 2011 ) and horses ( Wickler et al, 2000 ) moving on inclines. The MCoT was also higher on an incline compared to moving on the level, as found in a number of previous investigations ( Farley & Emshwiller, 1996 ; Minetti et al, 2002 ; Warncke, Bandholtz & Schultze-Motel, 1988 ; Wunder & Morrison, 1974 ). The CoL at each incline did not differ considerably, corresponding with the results for net- P met .…”