Recycling of domestic wastewater treated by vertical-flow wetlands for irrigation of two consecutive Capsicum annuum generations

Contaminations of Soil and Two Capsicum annuum Generations Irrigated by Reused Urban Wastewater Treated by Different Reed Beds

“…The lowest concentrations were linked to Filter 4. However, Almuktar et al [8] indicated that there were no significant differences in zinc concentrations associated with different aggregate diameters, contact times, resting times and inflow loading rates [6,7], complementing similar results published elsewhere [28]. All zinc outflow concentrations were below the standard of 2.0 mg/ L [1,20].…”

Wetlands for wastewater treatment and subsequent recycling of treated effluent: a review

“…Furthermore, using a gravel substrate within a reed bed system will improve the nitrification process rate, while the use of soil media with such a system will increase the denitrification rate as discussed by Markantonatos et al ( 1996 ). This will impact positively on plants to be irrigated with the treated wastewater due to disadvantages linked to ammonia abundance on crop growth and production (Almuktar et al 2017 ). Moreover, substrate size and shape has an important role in the wetland system as it impacts on the surface area available for growing a biofilm and the system pore blockage probability.…”

“…This will improve the effluent quality supporting the reuse potential in agriculture (Wu et al 2016 ). This is due to soil problems resulting from treated wastewater application for irrigation as wastewater particles may cause pore clogging of the soil affecting the aeration process of crop root system as well as the deterioration of soil permeability and other properties that subsequently affect negatively plants growth and productivity (Almuktar et al 2017 ). For horizontal-flow constructed wetlands, the use of small grain size with low water depth will significantly improve the system performance and removal efficiency as reported by Laviranc and Mancini (Lavrinc and Mancini 2016 ).…”

“…Online Resource 4 displays the most common substrates used in constructed wetland systems. Considering that one of the most serious issues of irrigation with treated wastewater is the clogging of the irrigation system by effluent particles, which will also cause the clogging of the irrigated soils leading to infiltration and seepage problems, wetland substrate as well as the vegetation root systems will play a vital role in filtering the treated wastewater by trapping these particles during the treatment process (Wu et al 2016 ; Lavrinc and Mancini 2016 ) resulting in better effluent properties for irrigation reuse (Almuktar et al 2017 ).…”

“…Furthermore, Almuktar et al ( 2017 ) assessed the possibility of recycling domestic wastewater treated by vertical-flow constructed wetlands for crop irrigation. The authors indicated that the studied wetlands showed high efficiencies in the removal of most contaminants meeting common standards of wastewater reused for irrigation shown in Table 2 .…”