Recovery of Turkish Oil Shales by Electromagnetic Heating and Determination of the Dielectric Properties of Oil Shales by an Analytical Method

Abstract

The effect of microwave irradiation on the recovery of three different oil shale samples was studied. To enhance the microwave efficiency, three different iron powders (Fe, Fe 2 O 3 , and FeCl 3 ) and their three different doses (0.1, 0.5, and 1% by weight, each) were added to the samples as microwave receptors. The doses of each receptor were optimized for each oil shale sample based on the highest oil or gas production value obtained experimentally. During the experimental studies, the temperature distribution and the emissions of CO, H 2 S, CH 4 , and O 2 gases were recorded. Temperature distributions obtained experimentally were modeled analytically to find the microwave power absorption coefficient of each oil shale sample. Experimental and analytical studies show that, oil recovery from oil shales is not only related to reaching the pyrolysis temperature, but also to the amount of time that temperature is maintained. Therefore, for the efficient recovery of oil shales, the best solution is found in a hybrid utilization of irradiation and conventional heat transfer: microwave heating for a rapid temperature rise and conventional heating for sustaining high temperatures effectively.

Microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass––a contribution to power Africa

“…Bio-oil yields were still very low. Studied on microwave-assisted heating of three kinds of oil shales, with high ash content showed that low bio-oil yields (0-0.24 wt.%) was obtained; which were mainly caused by the high ash contents (60.5-70.9%) [122].…”

The Role of Resins, Asphaltenes, and Water in Water–Oil Emulsion Breaking with Microwave Heating

“…1 This way the electromagnetic radiation is converted to thermal energy. 2 The amount of heat generation varies according to the magnitude of the microwave frequency and the dielectric properties of the polar molecules which are subjected to microwave radiation. 3 The polarity of a molecule is quantified with the dipole moment of the molecule, which in turn, is determined by its molecular structure.…”

“…27,28,29 By considering all of these drawbacks of existing and commonly used emulsion breaking methods, we propose a quick, energy and cost effective solution to break emulsions. 2,30 Thus, we investigate the effectiveness of microwave heating for emulsion treatment by considering the contribution of polar components in emulsions.…”

The Oil Shale Transformation in the Presence of an Acidic BEA Zeolite under Microwave Irradiation

“…14 In the presence of water vapour and heating under microwave irradiation, the liquid products 15 yield decreased (Table 3). Table 2 shows that the total carbon content did not decrease as much 16 as when only oil shale was used, which implies lower organic matter recovery. Consequently, 17 total oil shale conversion decreased, which was found to be around 49% ( Table 4).…”

“…The rapid 13 variation in the power level is believed to be related to the change in the loss factor (dielectric 14 loss tangent) of the sample, which may be affected by changes at the molecular or structural 15 levels of the material, such as its decomposition 45 . 16 Considering the result from Rock-Eval analysis, where Tmax was observed at 444ºC, it is 17 interesting to note the difference in the transformation temperature between both heating 18 methods. In fact, the temperature reading during microwave irradiation using the infrared 19 temperature probe is taken as an average of the sample's bed temperature.…”